Guggulsterone Activates Adipocyte Beiging through Direct Effects on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Indirect Effects Mediated through RAW264.7 Macrophages
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture
2.2. Lipid Quantification
2.3. Cell Viability
2.4. Mitochondrial Biogenesis
2.5. Oxygen Consumption
2.6. Immunoblot Analysis
2.7. Catecholamine Assay
2.8. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) ELISA
2.9. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. GS inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
3.2. Effect of GS on 3T3-L1 Viability and Apoptosis
3.3. Effect of GS on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Oxygen Consumption
3.4. GS-Induced Effects on Markers of Beige Adipocytes
3.5. Effect of GS on M2 Polarization of Macrophages
3.6. Role of M2 Macrophage Polarization on GS-Induced on Adipocyte Beiging
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Miller, C.N.; Samuels, J.S.; Azhar, Y.; Parmar, A.; Shashidharamurthy, R.; Rayalam, S. Guggulsterone Activates Adipocyte Beiging through Direct Effects on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Indirect Effects Mediated through RAW264.7 Macrophages. Medicines 2019, 6, 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010022
Miller CN, Samuels JS, Azhar Y, Parmar A, Shashidharamurthy R, Rayalam S. Guggulsterone Activates Adipocyte Beiging through Direct Effects on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Indirect Effects Mediated through RAW264.7 Macrophages. Medicines. 2019; 6(1):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010022
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiller, Colette N., Janaiya S. Samuels, Yusra Azhar, Ashish Parmar, Rangaiah Shashidharamurthy, and Srujana Rayalam. 2019. "Guggulsterone Activates Adipocyte Beiging through Direct Effects on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Indirect Effects Mediated through RAW264.7 Macrophages" Medicines 6, no. 1: 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010022
APA StyleMiller, C. N., Samuels, J. S., Azhar, Y., Parmar, A., Shashidharamurthy, R., & Rayalam, S. (2019). Guggulsterone Activates Adipocyte Beiging through Direct Effects on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Indirect Effects Mediated through RAW264.7 Macrophages. Medicines, 6(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010022