Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Aspects of Four Medicinal Plants of Malvaceae Used in Indian Traditional Medicines: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ethnomedicinal Uses
2.1. Abutilon Indicum
2.2. Hibiscus Sabdariffa
2.3. Sida Acuta
2.4. Sida Rhombifolia
3. Major Phytoconstituents
3.1. Aliphatics
3.2. Alkaloids
3.3. Phenolics
3.4. Flavonoids
3.5. Steroids
3.6. Peptides
3.7. Ecdysteroids
3.8. Terpenes
3.9. Coumarins
3.10. Tocopherols
4. Ethnopharmacological Activities
4.1. Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory
4.2. Antidiabetic and Antiobesity
4.3. Antimicrobial
4.4. Antioxidant
4.5. Cardioprotective and Anti-Hyperlipidemic
4.6. Hepatoprotective
4.7. Nephroprotective
4.8. Anxiolytic
4.9. Cytotoxicity
4.10. Anticancer and Anti-Proliferative
4.11. Anti-Diarrheal
4.12. Immuno-Stimulatory Activity
4.13. Anticonvulsant and Neuroprotective
4.14. Antiulcer
4.15. Antivenom
4.16. Anti-Arthritic
4.17. Antipyretic
4.18. Anti-Atherosclerotic
4.19. Antispasmodic/Anticholinergic
4.20. Antigout
4.21. Antiplasmodial
4.22. Anti-Asthmatic
4.23. Abortifacient
4.24. Anti-Estrogenic Activity
4.25. Anti-Hyperammonemic
4.26. Anti-Mutagenic
4.27. Antitubercular
4.28. Antiviral
4.29. Anti-Hypertensive and Vasorelaxant
5. Toxicity Studies
6. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant | Phytoconstituents | Pharmacological Properties | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Class | Type | |||
Abutilon indicum | Acid | Fumaric acid(organic acid) | [68] | |
Galacturonic acid (sugar acid) | [68] | |||
Methyl indole-3-carboxylate (acid) | [69] | |||
Alcohol | Hinesol | [70] | ||
Cubenol | [70] | |||
Phytol | [70] | |||
Gamma-sitosterol Lupeol | [70] | |||
Aliphatics | Palmitic acid | [70] | ||
Pinellic acid | Cytotoxic | [71] | ||
Alkaloids | 1-lycoperodine | [69] | ||
1-methoxycarbonyl-β-carboline | [69] | |||
Alkane Hydrocarbon | Tertacontane | [70] | ||
n-tetracosane | [70] | |||
All-trans-squalene | [70] | |||
Aromatic ketone | 3-hydroxy-β-damascone | [69] | ||
3-hydroxy-β-ionol | [69] | |||
Coumarins | Scopoletin | [69] | ||
Scoparone | [69] | |||
p–coumaric | [68] | |||
Methylcoumarate | [69] | |||
Trans-p-coumaric acid | [69] | |||
Flavonoid | Abutilin A | [69] | ||
Quercetin | [72] | |||
Peptide | Aurantiamide acetate | [69] | ||
Phenolic | Eugenol [4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol] | Analgesic activity | [73] | |
Syringic acid | Cytotoxic | [71] | ||
Benzoic acid | [69] | |||
Vanillic acid | [68,69] | |||
Gallic acid | [72] | |||
N-feruloyl tyrosine | [69] | |||
Caffeic acid | [69] | |||
p-β-d-glucosyloxybenzoic acid | [68] | |||
4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-trans-cinnamic acid methyl ester | [69] | |||
Methyl caffeate | Cytotoxic | [71] | ||
p-hydroxybenzaldehyde | [69] | |||
Vanillin | [69] | |||
Syringaldehyde | [69] | |||
4-hydroxyacetophenone | [69] | |||
Methylparaben | [69] | |||
Steroids | β-sitosterol, | [69] | ||
Stigmasterol | [69] | |||
(R)-N-(1′-methoxycarbonyl-2′-phenylethyl)-4-hydroxybenzamide | [69] | |||
Tocopherol | di-alpha-tocopherol | [70] | ||
Hibiscus sabdariffa | Acid | Malic acid | [74] | |
Tartaric acid | [74] | |||
Aliphatics | Linoleic acid | [75] | ||
Alkaloids | β-sitosterol benzoate | [76] | ||
Flavonoids | Protocatechuic acid | Antibacterial | [77] | |
Hepatoprotective | [78] | |||
Anti-cancerous | [79] | |||
Quercetin | Neuroprotective | [80] | ||
Hibiscetine | [81] | |||
Sabdaretine | [82] | |||
Gossypetine | [82] | |||
Hibiscitrin | [81] | |||
Naringenin | Anti-aging, | [83] | ||
Anti-cancerous | [83] | |||
Rutin | [84] | |||
Isoquercitin | [84] | |||
Kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside | [84] | |||
Kaempferol-3-o-glucoside | [84] | |||
Kaempferol | [84] | |||
Myricetin 3-arabinogalactoside | [85] | |||
Cyanidin-3-glucoside | Antioxidant | [86] | ||
Cyanidin-3-sambubioside | Antioxidant | [86] | ||
Cyanidin-3-rutinoside | Antioxidant | [86] | ||
Delphinidin-3-glucoside | Antioxidant | [86] | ||
Delphinidin-3-sambubioside | Antioxidant | [86] | ||
Delphinidin-3-xyloglucoside | Antioxidant | [86] | ||
Peptide | Roseltidar T1 (plant knottins) | Prevents mitochondrial dysfunction | [87] | |
Phenolics | Neochlorogenic acid | [88] | ||
Chlorogenic acid | Antioxidant | [89] | ||
Antihyperlipidemic | [89] | |||
Cryptochlorogenic acid | [88] | |||
Ferulic acid | Anti-ageing, | [90] | ||
Antidiabetic | [90] | |||
Coumaroylquinic acid | [88] | |||
Hibiscus acid | [88] | |||
Caffeoylshikimic acid | [91] | |||
Eugenol | [92] | |||
Polysaccharides | HSP-II (Glucuronic acid, Rhamnose, Mannose, Glucose, Galactose) | Immunomodulation: Immune-enhancement | [93] | |
Mannose, Sucrose, Xylose, | [75] | |||
α-Terpinyl acetate | [75] | |||
Steroids | Cholesterol | [94] | ||
Campesterol | [94] | |||
β-sitosterol | [94] | |||
Clerosterol | [94] | |||
Δ-5-avenasterol | [94] | |||
Tocopherols | α-tocopherol | [94] | ||
γ-tocopherol | [94] | |||
δ-tocopherol | [94] | |||
Sida acuta | Alkaloids | Ephedrine | [95] | |
Cryptolepine | Antimalarial | [96] | ||
Antimicrobial | [95,97] | |||
Cytotoxic | [98,99,100] | |||
Quinodolinone | Cytotoxic | [101] | ||
Crytolepinone | Cytotoxic | [101] | ||
11-Methoxyquindoline | Cytotoxic | [101] | ||
Quindoline | Antimicrobial | [95,99] | ||
Vasicinone | [102] | |||
Vasicine | [102] | |||
Aliphatics | Hentriacontane | [103] | ||
Nonacosane | [103] | |||
Pristane | [103] | |||
Phytane | [103] | |||
Sterculic acid | [104] | |||
Malvalic acid | [104] | |||
Myristic acid | [105] | |||
Palmitic acid | [105] | |||
Stearic acid | [105] | |||
Oleic acid | [105] | |||
Linoleic acid | [105] | |||
Coumarins | Scopoletin | [100,101] | ||
Heraclenol | [106] | |||
Ecdysteroids | 2D-Hydroxyecdysone | [107] | ||
Flavonoids | Kaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside | [98] | ||
Kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | [98] | |||
Lignans | 4-Ketopinoresinol | [101] | ||
Syrigaresinol | [101] | |||
Acanthoside B | [106] | |||
Phenolics | N-trans-Ferulolyltyramine | Cytotoxic | [101] | |
Evofolin A | Cytotoxic | [101] | ||
Evofolin B | Cytotoxic | [101] | ||
Ferulic acid | Hepatoprotective | [101] | ||
Sinapic acid | [101] | |||
Syringic acid | [101] | |||
Vanillic acid | [101] | |||
Pthalate | Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate | [108] | ||
Steroids | Cholesterol | [103] | ||
Campesterol | [103] | |||
β-Sitosterol | [103] | |||
Stigmasterol | [103] | |||
Stigmast-7-enol(=22-dihydrospinasterol) | [103] | |||
Terpenoids | Vomifoliol | Cytotoxic | [101] | |
Loliolide | Cytotoxic | [101] | ||
Taraxast-1.20(30)-dien-3-one | [109] | |||
Taraxasterone | [109] | |||
α-amyrine | [97] | |||
Tocopherols | α-Tocopherol | Antioxidant | [109] | |
7-Methyoxymethyl-α-tocopherol | Antioxidant | [109] | ||
β-Tocopherol | Antioxidant | [109] | ||
Tocospiro | Antioxidant | [109] | ||
Sida rhombifolia | Aliphatics | n-Hexacos-11-enoic acid | Antimicrobial | [110] |
Sterculic acid | [104] | |||
Malvalic acid | [104] | |||
Myrstic acid | [111] | |||
Palmitic acid | [111] | |||
Stearic acid | [111] | |||
Oleic acid | [111] | |||
Linoleic acid | [111] | |||
Alkaloids | β-Phenethylamine | [112] | ||
Ephedrine | [112] | |||
γ-(Pseudo)-Ephedrine | [112] | |||
N-methyl-β-Phenethylamine | [112] | |||
S-(+)-N2-Methyltryptophan methyl ester | [112] | |||
Hypophorine methyl ester | [112] | |||
Vascicine | [112] | |||
Crytolepinone | Vasorelaxant | [113] | ||
Salt of Cryptolepene | Vasorelaxant | [114] | ||
Coumarins | Scopoletin | [114] | ||
Escoporone | [114] | |||
Ecdysteroids | Ecdysone | [115] | ||
2D-Hydroxyecdysone | [115] | |||
2-Deoxy-2D-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-β-d-Glucopyranoside | [115] | |||
2D-Hydroxyecdysone3-O-β-d-Glucopyranoside | [115] | |||
25-Acetoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone- O-β-d-Glucopyranoside | [115] | |||
Pterosterone-3-O-β-d-Glucopyranoside | [115] | |||
Ecdysone-3-O-d-β-d-Glucopyranoside | [115] | |||
Flavonoids | 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methoxy flavones (=Acacetin) | [113] | ||
Kaempferol | [114] | |||
Kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glycosyl-600 -α-d-rhamnose | [114] | |||
Phaeophytins | Phaeophytin A | [113] | ||
132-Hydroxy Phaeophytin B | [113] | |||
173-Ethoxy phaeophorbide B | [113] | |||
Phenolics | Ethoxy-ferulate | [114] | ||
Steroids | Cholesterol | [116] | ||
Campesterol | [116] | |||
β-Sitosterol | Antibacterial | [116,117] | ||
Stigmasterol | Antibacterial | [116] | ||
Stigmast-7-enol(=22-dihydrospinasterol) | [116] | |||
22-Dehydrocampesterol | [116] | |||
Spinasterol | [116] | |||
24-Methylene cholesterol | [116] | |||
Sitosterol-3-O-β-d-Glucopyranoside | [113] | |||
Stigmasterol-3-O-β-d-Glucopyranoside | [113] |
S. No. | Ethnopharmacological Activity | A. indicum | H. sabdariffa | S. acuta | S. rhombifolia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Antidiabetic/Hypoglycaemic &Antiobesity | Y | Y | Y | Y |
2 | Anti-inflammatory | Y | Y | Y | Y |
3 | Hepatoprotective | Y | Y | Y | Y |
4 | Analgesic | Y | Y | Y | Y |
5 | Antioxidant | Y | Y | Y | Y |
6 | Antimicrobial/Antibacterial | Y | Y | Y | Y |
7 | Nephroprotective | Y | Y | Y | Y |
8 | Cytotoxic | Y | Y | Y | Y |
9 | Cardioprotective/Anti-hyperlipidemic | Y | Y | Y | Y |
10 | Anxiolytic | Y | Y | Y | Y |
11 | Anti convulsant/Neuroprotective | Y | Y | Y | N |
12 | Antiulcer | Y | Y | Y | N |
13 | Antitubercular | Y | Y | N | Y |
14 | Anti-diarrhoea | Y | Y | N | Y |
15 | Anticancerous/Anti-proliferative | Y | Y | Y | N |
16 | Anti-arthritic | Y | N | N | Y |
17 | Antipyretic | N | Y | Y | N |
18 | Anti-spasmodic/anticholinergic | N | Y | N | Y |
19 | Antiplasmodial | N | N | Y | Y |
20 | Antiviral | N | Y | Y | N |
21 | Anti-hypertensive & Vasorelaxant | N | Y | N | Y |
22 | Antigout | N | N | Y | Y |
23 | Antivenom | Y | N | Y | N |
24 | Antiasthmatic | Y | N | N | N |
25 | Anti-atherosclerotic | N | Y | N | N |
26 | Increases Fertility | Y | N | N | N |
27 | Anti estrogenic activity | Y | N | N | N |
28 | Anti-mutagenic | N | Y | N | N |
29 | Anti-hyperammonemic | N | Y | N | N |
30 | Immunostimulatory | N | Y | N | N |
31 | Abortifacient | N | N | Y | N |
Name of Plant | Plant Part Used | Extract | Ethnopharmacological Activity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abutilon indicum | Leaf | Alcohol | Hypoglycemic | [126] |
Anxiolytic | [127] | |||
Alcoholic and aqueous | Antiulcer | [128] | ||
Aqueous | Hepatoprotective | [129] | ||
Antimicrobial | [130,131] | |||
Anticonvulsant | [132] | |||
Anti-diarrheal | [133] | |||
Butanol | Antioxidant | [134] | ||
Chloroform | Antimicrobial | [130,131] | ||
Ethanol | Anti-inflammatory | [135] | ||
Anticonvulsant | [132] | |||
Antimicrobial | [130,131] | |||
Gold nanoparticles of leaf extract | Anticancer | [136] | ||
Hexane | Larvicidal against Aedesaegypti | [137] | ||
Loperamide | Anti diarrheal | [133] | ||
Methanol | Larvicidal | [138] | ||
Antivenom | [139] | |||
Anti diarrhoeal | [133] | |||
Root | Ethanol | Nephroprotective | [140] | |
Cardioprotective | [141] | |||
Aerial part | Methanol | Anti-asthmatic activity | [142] | |
Anti-estrogenic activity | [143] | |||
Anti-arthritic activity | [144] | |||
Whole Plant | Alcoholic | Hypoglycemic | [126] | |
Aqueous | Antidiabetic | [145] | ||
Hypoglycemic | [126] | |||
Anti-hyperlipidemic | [146] | |||
Biogenic silver nanoparticles | Antioxidant | [147] | ||
Antibacterial | [147] | |||
Cytotoxic effects | [147] | |||
Butanol | Antidiabetic | [148] | ||
Chloroform | Enhanced Fertility | [149] | ||
Ethanol | Anti-hyperlipidemic | [148,150] | ||
Methanol | Analgesic | [151] | ||
Anti-inflammatory | [151] | |||
Phytol | Cytotoxic | [152] | ||
Hibiscus sabdariffa | Leaf | Aqueous | Anticancerous | [153] |
Anti-proliferative | [154] | |||
Hypoglycaemic | [155] | |||
Anti-hyperlipidemic Antioxidant | [156] | |||
Anti-hyperammonemic | [157] | |||
Anti-atherosclerotic | [158] | |||
Hepatoregenerative | [159] | |||
Antioxidant | [159] | |||
Aqueous-ethanolic | Lipid lowering effect | [160] | ||
Ethanolic | Antiviral | [161] | ||
Flower | Aqueous | Anti-gastric carcinoma | [162] | |
Antioxidant | [20] | |||
Ethanolic | Antioxidant | [163] | ||
Methanolic | Antiapoptotic | [164] | ||
Anti-atherosclerotic | [165] | |||
Calyx | Aqueous-methanolic | Antibacterial | [166] | |
Cytotoxicity | [166] | |||
Aqueous-ethanolic | Immuno-stimulatory | [167] | ||
Aqueous | Antidiabetic | [168] | ||
Antioxidant | [168] | |||
Anti-mutagenic | [169] | |||
Hypocholesterolaemic | [170] | |||
Nephroprotective | [171] | |||
Anti-hypertensive | [172] | |||
Neuroprotective | [173] | |||
Antispasmodic | [174] | |||
Ethanolic | Anti-nociceptive | [175] | ||
Anti-diarrheal | [175] | |||
Anti-hypertensive | [176] | |||
Antipyretic | [177] | |||
Anti-inflammatory | [177] | |||
Antiulcer | [178] | |||
Anxiolytic | [179] | |||
Hepatoprotective | [180] | |||
Methanolic | Vasorelaxant | [181] | ||
Petals | Aqueous | Anti-hypertensive | [182] | |
Cardioprotective | [182] | |||
Vasorelaxant | [32] | |||
Seed | Aqueous | Antimicrobial | [183] | |
Whole plant | Aqueous | Antitumoral | [184] | |
Methanolic | Antitubercular | [185] | ||
Sida acuta | Leaf | Aqueous | Antimicrobial | [186] |
Chloromethane | Antimicrobial | [187] | ||
Ethanol | Antimicrobial | [186,187] | ||
Antiulcer | [36] | |||
Antipyretic | [188] | |||
Anticonvulsant | [189] | |||
Anxiolytic | [189] | |||
Abortifacient | [190] | |||
n-Hexane fraction | Hepatoprotective | [191] | ||
Methanol | Antimicrobial | [192] | ||
Antiviral | [192] | |||
Antidiabetic | [193] | |||
Antiobesity | [193] | |||
Root | Methanol | Hepatoprotective | [194] | |
Kidney stone treatment | [195] | |||
Aerial parts | Acetone | Antioxidant | [196] | |
Anti-inflammatory | [196] | |||
Anti-hyperglycemic | [196] | |||
Ethanol | Antimicrobial | [186] | ||
Methanol | Antiplasmodial | [96] | ||
Whole plant | Alkaloid fraction | Antiplasmodial | [197] | |
Aqueous | Antimicrobial | [198] | ||
Aqueous Me2CO | Analgesic | [199] | ||
Anti-inflammatory | [199] | |||
Ethanol | Antimicrobial | [198] | ||
Antiplasmodial | [197] | |||
Anti ulcer | [200] | |||
Antivenom | [201] | |||
Ethyl Acetate | Analgesic | [202] | ||
Methanol | Cytotoxic | [203] | ||
Cardiovascular and cardioprotective | [204] | |||
Wound healing | [205] | |||
Polyphenol | Antimicrobial | [206] | ||
Antioxidant | [206] | |||
Root, Leaf, Stem, Bud | Alkaloid | Antimicrobial | [207] | |
Flavonoid | Antifungal | [208] | ||
Sidarhombifolia | Leaf | Aqueous | Hepatoprotective | [209] |
Antidiabetic | [210] | |||
Antiobesity | [210] | |||
Ethanol | Antimicrobial | [211] | ||
Cardioprotective | [212] | |||
Nephroprotective | [213] | |||
Anti-inflammatory | [214] | |||
Ethylacetate | Antimicrobial | [215] | ||
Cytotoxic | [215] | |||
Analgesic | [214] | |||
Antitubercular | [216] | |||
Anti-inflammatory | [214] | |||
Chloromethane | Cytotoxic | [215] | ||
Methanol | Antimicrobial | [211] | ||
Antioxidant | [217] | |||
Antiplasmodial | [218] | |||
Anti-inflammatory | [214] | |||
Stem | Ethanol | Anti-arthritic | [219] | |
Root | Aqueous | Anti-inflammatory | [220] | |
Ethanol | Anti-inflammatory | [220] | ||
Anti-arthritic | [219] | |||
Antioxidant | [221] | |||
Ethylacetate | Antitubercular | [216] | ||
Methanol | Antidiarrheal | [222] | ||
Powdered form | Hepatoprotective | [223] | ||
Fruit | Methanol | Antimicrobial | [224] | |
Aerial parts | Acetone | Antioxidant | [196] | |
Anti-inflammatory | [196] | |||
Aqueous | Hepatoprotective | [223] | ||
Anti-arthritic | [225] | |||
Alkaloid fraction | Antimicrobial | [226] | ||
Cryptolepinone | Vasorelaxant | [113] | ||
Ethanol | Cytotoxic | [227] | ||
Anti-arthritic, antigout | [225] | |||
Methanol | Hepatoprotective | [223] | ||
Analgesic | [227] | |||
Anti-inflammatory | [223] | |||
Antidiabetic | [228] | |||
Whole plant | Aqueous | Antimicrobial | [229] | |
Ethanol | Antioxidant | [221] | ||
Anti-anxiety | [230] | |||
Ethylacetate | Antimicrobial | [229] | ||
Methanol | Antimicrobial | [231] | ||
n-hexane | Anti-inflammatory | [232] | ||
Anticholinergic | [232] | |||
Cytotoxic | [232] |
Plant | Traditional Medicinal Use | Ethnopharmacological Activity | Phytoconstituent Identified |
---|---|---|---|
A. indicum | Inflammations [10] | Anti-inflammatory [135] | - |
Ulcer [10] | Antiulcer [128] | - | |
Diarrhoea [10] | Anti-diarrhoea [133] | - | |
Wounds [11] | Antimicrobial, Antibacterial [147] | - | |
Diabetes [12] | Antidiabetic, Hypoglycaemic [145] | - | |
Joint pains and Arthritis [13] | Analgesic, Anti-arthritic [151] | - | |
Liver disorders/Jaundice [13] | Hepatoprotective [159] | - | |
Bronchitis [13] | Anti-asthmatic [142] | - | |
Pains [13] | Analgesic [151] | Eugenol [73] | |
Enhanced male fertility [19] | Enhanced semen production [149] | - | |
H. sabdariffa | Skin inflammations [21] | Anti-inflammatory [177] | Roseltidar T1 (plant knottins) [87] Chlorogenic acid [89] |
Diarrhoea [26] | Anti-diarrheal [175] | - | |
Wounds [28] | Antibacterial, Antimicrobial [166] | Protocatechuic acid [77] Chlorogenic acid [89] | |
Pains [28] | Anti-nociceptive [175] | - | |
Liver disorders [20] | Hepato-regenerative [159] Hepatoprotective [180] | Protocatechuic acid [78] | |
Kidney disorders [27] | Nephroprotective [171] | Quercetin [80] | |
Cardiac diseases [31] | Cardioprotective [182] | - | |
Nervous disorders [20] | Neuroprotective [173] | - | |
Controlling Blood Pressure [31] | Anti-hypertensive, Vasorelaxant [127] | - | |
Pyrexia [20] | Antipyretic [177] | - | |
Cancers [20] | Anticancerous, Antitumoral [153] | Protocatechuic acid [79], Naringenin [83] | |
S. acuta | Testicular swelling [35] | Anti-inflammatory [196] | - |
Ulcers [24] | Antiulcer [200] | - | |
Wounds and infections [39] | Antimicrobial [198] | Crytolepine, Quinodoline [96] n-Hexacos-11-enoic acid [110] | |
Headaches [24] | Analgesic [199] | - | |
Liver disorders [24] | Hepatoprotective [194] | Ferulic Acid [101] | |
Urinary disorders [25] | Kidney stone treatment [195] | - | |
Neurological disorders e.g., paralysis [20] | Neuroprotective [189] | - | |
Fever [43] | Antipyretic [188] | - | |
Abortifacient [41] | Abortion [190] | - | |
Dandruff [25] | Antifungal [208] | - | |
Malaria [24] | Antiplasmodial [96] | - | |
Snake bites [25] | Antivenom [201] | - | |
Gonorrhoea (herpes) [24] | Antiviral [192] | - | |
S. rhombifolia | Inflammations [46] | Anti-inflammatory [214] | - |
Diarrhoea [45] | Anti-diarrhoea [222] | - | |
Abscess & Wounds [44] | Antimicrobial [211] | n-Hexacose-11-enoic Acid [110], β-sitosterol, Stigmasterol [116] | |
Arthritis [45] | Anti-arthritic [219] | - | |
Headaches [45] | Analgesic [214] | - | |
Rheumatic pain [46] | Analgesic [214] | - | |
Liver disorders [46] | Hepatoprotective [209] | - | |
Urinary disorders [46] | Nephroprotective [213] | - | |
Heart disease [49] | Cardioprotective [212] | - | |
Tuberculosis [46] | Antitubercular [216] | - | |
Gout [45] | Antigout [225] | - |
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Abat, J.K.; Kumar, S.; Mohanty, A. Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Aspects of Four Medicinal Plants of Malvaceae Used in Indian Traditional Medicines: A Review. Medicines 2017, 4, 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040075
Abat JK, Kumar S, Mohanty A. Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Aspects of Four Medicinal Plants of Malvaceae Used in Indian Traditional Medicines: A Review. Medicines. 2017; 4(4):75. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040075
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbat, Jasmeet Kaur, Sanjay Kumar, and Aparajita Mohanty. 2017. "Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Aspects of Four Medicinal Plants of Malvaceae Used in Indian Traditional Medicines: A Review" Medicines 4, no. 4: 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4040075