Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Black Tea Consumed in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Consumption Data of Tea Infusion and Drinks
2.2. Sample Collection, Analysis of the PAH4 in Black Tea Infusion and Drinks
2.3. Handling of Non-Detected Results
2.4. Dietary Risk Assessment
2.5. Risk–Benefit Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Concentration of PAH4 in Tea Infusion and Drinks
3.2. Handling of Non-Detected Results
3.3. Dietary Risk Assessment
3.3.1. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI)
3.3.2. Margin of Exposure (MOE)
4. Discussion
4.1. Dietary Risk Assessment
4.2. Risk–Benefit Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tea Infusions | PAHs (µg/kg) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BaA | CHR | BbF | BaP | PAH4 | |
LB | 0.017 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.036 |
UB | 0.114 | 0.137 | 0.130 | 0.022 | 0.403 |
Population Group (Age) | BaP | PAH4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
EDI_CO_LB | EDI_CO_UB | EDI_CO_LB | EDI_CO_UB | |
ng/kg BW/day | ||||
6–12 | 0.047 | 0.206 | 0.340 | 3.763 |
12–16 | 0.040 | 0.174 | 0.287 | 3.169 |
16–18 | 0.041 | 0.181 | 0.298 | 3.291 |
19–65 | 0.055 | 0.240 | 0.395 | 4.369 |
>65 | 0.053 | 0.234 | 0.386 | 4.268 |
Population Group (Age) | BaP | PAH4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
EDI_WG_LB | EDI_WG_UB | EDI_WG_LB | EDI_WG_UB | |
ng/kg BW/day | ||||
6–12 | 0.014 | 0.063 | 0.104 | 1.147 |
12–16 | 0.014 | 0.063 | 0.104 | 1.152 |
16–18 | 0.016 | 0.071 | 0.117 | 1.294 |
19–65 | 0.025 | 0.108 | 0.179 | 1.975 |
>65 | 0.016 | 0.068 | 0.113 | 1.246 |
Population Group (Age) | BaP | PAH4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MOE_CO_LB | MOE_CO_UB | MOE_CO_LB | MOE_CO_UB | |
6–12 | 1,485,000 | 339,000 | 999,000 | 90,000 |
12–16 | 1,763,000 | 402,000 | 1,186,000 | 107,000 |
16–18 | 1,697,000 | 388,000 | 1,143,000 | 103,000 |
19–65 | 1,279,000 | 292,000 | 861,000 | 78,000 |
>65 | 1,309,000 | 299,000 | 881,000 | 80,000 |
Population Group (Age) | BaP | PAH4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
MOE_WG_LB | MOE_WG_UB | MOE_WG_LB | MOE_WG_UB | |
6–12 | 4,871,000 | 1,112,000 | 3,278,000 | 296,000 |
12–16 | 4,850,000 | 1,107,000 | 3,264,000 | 295,000 |
16–18 | 4,319,000 | 986,000 | 2,907,000 | 262,000 |
19–65 | 2,829,000 | 646,000 | 1,904,000 | 172,000 |
>65 | 4,486,000 | 1,024,000 | 3,019,000 | 272,000 |
Country | Risk Assessment | Population | Results | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taiwan | MOE | Age 6–12 | BaP PAH4 | 1,112,000 296,000 | This study |
Age 12–16 | BaP PAH4 | 1,107,000 295,000 | |||
Age 16–18 | BaP PAH4 | 986,000 262,000 | |||
Age 19–65 | BaP PAH4 | 646,000 172,000 | |||
Age > 65 | BaP PAH4 | 1,024,000 272,000 | |||
Vietnam | MOE | Whole population | BaP PAH4 | 2,506,928 2,391,604 | Phan Thi et al. (2020) [40] |
Poland | MOE | Whole population | BaP PAH4 | 897,000 830,000 | Ciemniak et al. (2019) [41] |
South Korea | MOE | Whole population | PAH4 | 4,430,000 | Lee et al. (2018) [42] |
Type of Effect | End Point | Human Health Relationship |
---|---|---|
Risk | Kidney disease | Increased risk of kidney disease due to PAH |
Risk | Liver disease | Increased risk of liver disease due to PAH |
Risk | Cancer | Increased risk of some cancers due to PAH |
Benefit | Cancer | Reduced risk of some cancers due to phenolic compounds |
Benefit | Heart disease | Reduced risk of heart disease due to flavonoids |
Benefit | Diabetes | Reduced risk of diabetes due to catechins |
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Harrison, D.M.; Chang, W.-C.; Lin, H.-T. Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Black Tea Consumed in Taiwan. Toxics 2024, 12, 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12020134
Harrison DM, Chang W-C, Lin H-T. Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Black Tea Consumed in Taiwan. Toxics. 2024; 12(2):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12020134
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarrison, Drewyan Minelly, Wei-Chung Chang, and Hsin-Tang Lin. 2024. "Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Black Tea Consumed in Taiwan" Toxics 12, no. 2: 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12020134