Genomic Instability and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Two Communities Exposed to Pesticides in the Mexicali Valley by the L-CBMN Assay
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Considerations
2.2. Study Area
2.3. Study Groups
2.4. Participants Inclusion
2.5. Selection Criteria
2.6. L-CBMN Assay
2.7. Slide Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Environmental Information
3.2. Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity
3.3. Cytogenotoxic Damage Associated to Substance Abuse
3.4. Correlation
4. Discussion
Effect of the Exposure to Pesticides on Genotoxicity Biomarkers and the CBMN Cell Death Pathway in the Study Groups
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | NV n (%) | LOV n (%) |
---|---|---|
Total | 14 | 21 |
Men | 4 (28.5) | 5 (23.8) |
Woman | 10 (71.5) | 16 (76.1) |
Average Body Mass Index | ||
Men | 28.0 (28.5) | 23.9 (23.8) |
Woman | 29.9 (71.5) | 27.3 (76.1) |
Scholar status | ||
Non | 0 | 3 (14.3) |
Elementary | 6 (42.8) | 2 (9.5) |
Middle | 6 (42.8) | 3 (14.3) |
High School | 2 (14.3) | 10 (47.6) |
University | 0 | 2 (9.5) |
Average Income * | 110 | 350 |
No tobacco, no alcohol | 5 (29) | 15 (71.4) |
Tobacco | 2 (12) | 0 |
Tobacco and alcohol | 10 (59) | 0 |
Diabetics | 0 | 1 (4.7) |
Familiar antecedents | 14 (100) | 12 (57.1) |
Fish and seafood intake | ||
Little or never | 5 (35) | 19 (90.5) |
Regularly/almost daily | 9 (65) | 2 (9.5) |
Fruits and vegetable intake | ||
Little or never | 6 (42.8) | 3 (14.3) |
Regularly/almost daily | 8 (57.1) | 18 (85.7) |
Biomarker | Group | Median | Mean ± s | p Value | Significance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cytotoxicity | NDI | NV | 1.4 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.1112 | NS | |
LOV | 1.5 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | |||||
Reference value | 1.5 ± 0.003 | ||||||
Cellular dead | Apoptosis | NV | 17.5 | 18.4 ± 12.2 | 0.019 | * | |
LOV | 11 | 9.2 ± 8.62 | |||||
Reference value | 5.5 ± 2.1 | ||||||
Necrosis | NV | 9 | 13.0 ± 11.2 | <0.0001 | **** | ||
LOV | 2 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | |||||
Reference value | 0 | ||||||
Genotoxicity | MN | NV | 23 | 20.8 ± 6.8 | <0.0001 | **** | |
LOV | 9 | 10.6 ± 5.3 | |||||
Reference value | 4.5 ± 0.7 | ||||||
NBUDs | NV | 10.5 | 14.3 ± 8.5 | <0.0001 | **** | ||
LOV | 4 | 4.3 ± 2.4 | |||||
Reference value | 7 ± 0 | ||||||
NPBs | NV | 22.5 | 24.5 ± 14.9 | 0.0027 | ** | ||
LOV | 8 | 11.8 ± 10.9 | |||||
Reference value | 2.5 ± 0.7 |
Biomarker | No Smoke, No Alcohol (n = 5) | Smoke but Not Alcohol (n = 2) | Smoke and Alcohol (n = 6) |
---|---|---|---|
NDI | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
Apoptosis | 15 ± 18 | 51 ± 44 *** | 18 ± 6 ** |
Necrosis | 6.9 ± 8.3 | 20 ± 3 | 15 ± 11 |
MN | 21 ± 5 | 16 ± 13 | 21 ± 6 |
NBUDs | 12 ± 9 | 21 ± 18 | 12 ± 4 |
NPBs | 13 ± 7 | 41 ± 30 ** | 23 ± 7 |
Town | Tissue | Group | n | MN | NBUDs | NPB | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
San Quintin | Lymphocytes | NE | 15 | 11 | 8 | 4 | [59] |
E | 25 | 18 | 11 | 8 | |||
p | <0.05 | NS | <0.05 | ||||
Maneadero | Lymphocytes | NE | 22 | 7.86 | 6.45 | 2.80 | [60,61] |
E | 26 | 10.15 | 7.94 | 2.38 | |||
p | <0.001 | 0.03 | NS | ||||
Buccal mucosa | NE | 73 | 0.7 | [7] | |||
E | 71 | 4.5 | |||||
p | <0.0001 | - | - | ||||
Todos Santos | Comet assay (buccal cells) | NE | 24 | 24.51 | - | - | [61] |
E | 57 | 46.92 | - | - | |||
p | <0.0001 | ||||||
Buccal mucosa | NE | 24 | 58.3 | [62] |
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Ruiz-Ruiz, B.; Torres-Bugarin, O.; Zúñiga-Violante, E.; Casillas-Figueroa, F.; Luna-Vázquez-Gómez, R.; Campos Gallegos, V.; Ruiz-Arellano, A.E.; Arellano-García, M.E. Genomic Instability and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Two Communities Exposed to Pesticides in the Mexicali Valley by the L-CBMN Assay. Toxics 2023, 11, 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100807
Ruiz-Ruiz B, Torres-Bugarin O, Zúñiga-Violante E, Casillas-Figueroa F, Luna-Vázquez-Gómez R, Campos Gallegos V, Ruiz-Arellano AE, Arellano-García ME. Genomic Instability and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Two Communities Exposed to Pesticides in the Mexicali Valley by the L-CBMN Assay. Toxics. 2023; 11(10):807. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100807
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiz-Ruiz, Balam, Olivia Torres-Bugarin, Erika Zúñiga-Violante, Francisco Casillas-Figueroa, Roberto Luna-Vázquez-Gómez, Verónica Campos Gallegos, Ana Erika Ruiz-Arellano, and María Evarista Arellano-García. 2023. "Genomic Instability and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Two Communities Exposed to Pesticides in the Mexicali Valley by the L-CBMN Assay" Toxics 11, no. 10: 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100807
APA StyleRuiz-Ruiz, B., Torres-Bugarin, O., Zúñiga-Violante, E., Casillas-Figueroa, F., Luna-Vázquez-Gómez, R., Campos Gallegos, V., Ruiz-Arellano, A. E., & Arellano-García, M. E. (2023). Genomic Instability and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Two Communities Exposed to Pesticides in the Mexicali Valley by the L-CBMN Assay. Toxics, 11(10), 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100807