Impact of Car Traffic on Metal Accumulation in Soils and Plants Growing Close to a Motorway (Eastern Slovakia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil Characteristics
2.3. Soil Analyses
2.4. Plant Analyses
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Profile Distribution of Trace Elements in Soils
3.2. Level of Soil Contamination
3.3. Concentration of Trace Elements in Tested Plant Species
3.4. Transfer of Trace Elements in the Soil-Plant System
4. Discussion
4.1. Concentration of Trace Elements in Soils
4.2. Concentration of Trace Elements in Tested Plant Species
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Forest Ecosystem | A Querci-Fageta Typica | B Querci-Fageta Typica |
---|---|---|
Forest vegetation grade | 3rd, oak-beech | |
Edaphic-hydric order | leading | wetted (semi-permeable) |
Edaphic-trophic order | mesotrophic | |
Soil unit | Eutric Kato-skeletic Cambisol | Eutric Kato-stagnic Luvisol |
Parent rock | sandy-loam gravels of slope sediments | loess loam deposited on the fluvial sandy-gravels |
Altitude (m) | 203 | 201 |
Exposure | NE | – |
Slope | 10–15° | 0° |
Geographical coordinates | 48°34′18.39″ N 21°14′45.20” E | 48°33′22.98″ N 21°13′53.83″ E |
Forest Ecosystem | Soil Unit | Motorway Distance (m) | Samples of | Number of Sampled | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface Humus | Mineral Layers | Plant Species | Plots (100 m2) | Plant Leaves | |||
A Querci-Fageta Typica | Katoskeletic Cambisol | 30 | 3 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 15 × 50 |
B Querci-Fageta Typica | Katostagnic Luvisol | 30 | 3 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 15 × 50 |
Forest Ecosystem | Soil | Soil Layer | Humus | Skeleton | Fine Earth Fraction [mm] | pH | C/N | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<0.002 | <0.01 | 0.01– 0.063 | 0.063– 0.1 | 0.1–2 | ||||||||
[cm] | [%] | H2O | KCl | |||||||||
A Querci-Fageta Typica | Eutric Kato-skeletic Cambisol | 0–5 | 5.97 | 10–20 | 11.60 | 39.23 | 38.41 | 2.36 | 19.91 | 6.68 | 6.35 | 11.5 |
10–20 | 3.85 | 11.97 | 38.46 | 38.50 | 3.70 | 19.28 | 5.71 | 5.21 | 12.8 | |||
25–35 | 3.84 | 30–40 | 11.64 | 37.40 | 37.45 | 4.56 | 20.53 | 5.13 | 4.41 | 10.1 | ||
B Querci-Fageta Typica | Eutric Kato-stagnic Luvisol | 0–5 | 5.60 | − a | 9.32 | 39.91 | 51.14 | 5.47 | 3.42 | 5.90 | 5.71 | 11.1 |
10–20 | 2.31 | − a | 12.79 | 43.16 | 51.54 | 2.04 | 3.20 | 5.63 | 4.85 | 11.6 | ||
25–35 | 1.18 | + b | 12.49 | 41.64 | 51.29 | 4.96 | 1.97 | 5.53 | 4.54 | 11.7 |
Forest Ecosystem | Soil Unit | Plant Species | Zn | Cu | Pb | Cd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg kg−1 ± SD) | ||||||
A Querci-Fageta Typica | Eutric Kato-skeletic Cambisol | Anthriscus sylvestris | 29.69 ± 8.3 b | 7.18 ± 1.01 b | 1.38 ± 0.24 b | 0.136 ± 0.04 b |
Fraxinus excelsior | 13.33 ± 3.7 b | 6.40 ± 0.90 b | 2.32 ± 0.41 a | 0.041 ± 0.01 a | ||
Quercus cerris | 41.53 ± 11.7 a | 8.86 ± 1.24 a | 3.50 ± 0.61 a | 0.041 ± 0.01 a | ||
Quercus rubra | 39.68 ± 11.2 a | 6.23 ± 0.87 a | 3.58 ± 0.63 a | 0.044 ± 0.01 a | ||
Negundo aceroides | 26.65 ± 7.5 a | 4.38 ± 0.61 b | 3.70 ± 0.65 a | 0.036 ± 0.02 b | ||
Average | 30.18 ± 8.48 a | 6.61 ± 1.62 a | 2.90 ± 1.01 a | 0.059 ± 0.04 a | ||
B Querci-Fageta Typica | Eutric Kato-stagnic Luvisol | Anthriscus sylvestris | 57.19 ± 16.1 a | 16.50 ± 2.29 a | 2.41 ± 0.42 a | 0.297 ± 0.10 a |
Fraxinus excelsior | 29.41 ± 8.3 a | 9.67 ± 1.35 a | 1.80 ± 0.32 a | 0.041 ± 0.01 a | ||
Quercus cerris | 31.67 ± 8.9 a | 9.27 ± 1.30 a | 3.53 ± 0.63 a | 0.061 ± 0.02 a | ||
Quercus rubra | 40.13 ± 11.3 a | 5.39 ± 0.75 a | 3.06 ± 0.54 a | 0.083 ± 0.03 a | ||
Negundo aceroides | 27.21 ± 7.6 a | 6.19 ± 0.87 a | 3.55 ± 0.60 a | 0.106 ± 0.04 a | ||
Average | 37.12 ± 10.44a | 9.49 ± 4.38a | 2.87 ± 0.76a | 0.117 ± 0.10a | ||
Reference values according to Markert [49] | 50 | 10 | 1 | 0.05 |
Forest Ecosystem | Soil Unit | Risk Element | Anthriscus sylvestris | Fraxinus excelsior | Quercus cerris | Quercus rubra | Negundo aceroides |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A Querci-Fageta Typica | Eutric Kato-skeletic Cambisol | Zn | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.08 | 0.44 ± 0.08 | 0.30 ± 0.05 |
Cu | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.44 ± 0.08 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | ||
Pb | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | ||
Cd | 0.35 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | ||
B Querci-Fageta Typica | Eutric Kato-stagnic Luvisol | Zn | 1.07 ± 0.13 | 0.55 ± 0.07 | 0.59 ± 0.07 | 0.75 ± 0.09 | 0.51 ± 0.06 |
Cu | 1.60 ± 0.07 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 0.90 ± 0.04 | 0.52 ± 0.02 | 0.60 ± 0.02 | ||
Pb | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | ||
Cd | 0.69 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.01 |
Soil Unit | Cambisol | Luvisol | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plant/Element | Zn | Cu | Pb | Cd | Zn | Cu | Pb | Cd |
Anthriscus sylvestris | 0.807 ** | 0.335 | 0.107 | 0.135 | 0.208 | 0.544 ** | 0.131 | 0.208 |
Fraxinus excelsior | 0.891 ** | 0.299 | 0.137 | 0.078 | 0.199 | 0.599 ** | 0.096 | 0.161 |
Quercus cerris | 0.854 ** | 0.369 | 0.173 | 0.127 | 0.195 | 0.457 * | 0.089 | 0.112 |
Quercus rubra | 0.831 ** | 0.352 | 0.120 | 0.193 | 0.201 | 0.442 * | 0.136 | 0.183 |
Negundo aceroides | 0.835 ** | 0.336 | 0.146 | 0.166 | 0.198 | 0.460 * | 0.170 | 0.156 |
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Kuklová, M.; Kukla, J.; Hniličková, H.; Hnilička, F.; Pivková, I. Impact of Car Traffic on Metal Accumulation in Soils and Plants Growing Close to a Motorway (Eastern Slovakia). Toxics 2022, 10, 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040183
Kuklová M, Kukla J, Hniličková H, Hnilička F, Pivková I. Impact of Car Traffic on Metal Accumulation in Soils and Plants Growing Close to a Motorway (Eastern Slovakia). Toxics. 2022; 10(4):183. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040183
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuklová, Margita, Ján Kukla, Helena Hniličková, František Hnilička, and Ivica Pivková. 2022. "Impact of Car Traffic on Metal Accumulation in Soils and Plants Growing Close to a Motorway (Eastern Slovakia)" Toxics 10, no. 4: 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040183