Foliar Application of Wood Distillate Alleviates Ozone-Induced Damage in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental
2.2. Photosynthetic Parameters
2.2.1. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analyses
2.2.2. Analysis of the Chlorophyll Content
2.3. Expression of Antioxidants
2.3.1. Total Antioxidant Power
2.3.2. Content of Caffeic Acid and Quercetin
2.4. Edible Fresh Biomass
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Description |
---|---|
ABS/CS0 | Absorbance for excited cross-section |
TR0/CS0 | Trapping flux for excited cross-section |
ET0/CS0 | Energy transmission for excited cross-section |
RC/CS0 | Number of reaction centers for excited cross-section |
DI0/CS0 | Heat dissipation for excited cross-section |
FV/FM | Photosynthetic efficiency |
PIABS | Performance index |
Parameter | Ozone | Ozone + WD | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
ABS/CS0 | 293 ± 2.5 a | 301 ± 2.6 b | p < 0.05 |
DI0/CS0 | 51 ± 0.5 a | 49 ± 0.5 b | p < 0.01 |
TR0/CS0 | 242 ± 2.0 a | 252 ± 2.1 b | p < 0.001 |
ET0/CS0 | 131 ± 1.4 a | 141 ± 1.4 b | p < 0.001 |
RC/CS0 | 105 ± 1.1 a | 117 ± 1.1 b | p < 0.001 |
FV/FM | 0.826 ± 0.001 a | 0.837 ± 0.001 b | p < 0.001 |
PIABS | 2.05 ± 0.03 a | 2.56 ± 0.04 b | p < 0.001 |
Chlorophyll (mg/m2) | 200 ± 3.7 a | 225 ± 2.7 b | p < 0.001 |
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Vannini, A.; Fedeli, R.; Guarnieri, M.; Loppi, S. Foliar Application of Wood Distillate Alleviates Ozone-Induced Damage in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Toxics 2022, 10, 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040178
Vannini A, Fedeli R, Guarnieri M, Loppi S. Foliar Application of Wood Distillate Alleviates Ozone-Induced Damage in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Toxics. 2022; 10(4):178. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040178
Chicago/Turabian StyleVannini, Andrea, Riccardo Fedeli, Massimo Guarnieri, and Stefano Loppi. 2022. "Foliar Application of Wood Distillate Alleviates Ozone-Induced Damage in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)" Toxics 10, no. 4: 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040178