Post-Occupancy Evaluation’s (POE) Applications for Improving Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Short-term benefits include obtaining feedback from users about problems in buildings and in identifying solutions.
- Medium-term benefits include the feed-forward of the positive and negative lessons learned into the next building cycle.
- The long-term benefits are aimed at creating databases and at updating, upgrading and generating planning and design protocols and paradigms.
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Descriptive Analysis
3.2. Critical Analysis
3.2.1. Objective of the Study
- Overall comfort/satisfaction of the occupants.
- Specific aspect of occupant comfort against the factors that make up the IEQ.
- One or more specific factors that make up the IEQ, as follows: indoor air quality, acoustic comfort, thermal comfort and visual/light comfort.
- Building performance.
- Safety requirements.
- Satisfaction–productivity ratio.
- How POE supports building design or maintenance.
- The effect on occupant behavior.
- General description.
3.2.2. Buildings Analyzed
3.2.3. Collection of Qualitative Information
3.2.4. Elements Considered
- Functional performance elements, which refer to the level of functionality and efficiency of elements in buildings, including accessibility, the suitability of spaces and structures, and services, etc.
- Behavioral performance elements, which relate to the interaction between occupant activities and the physical environment provided.
- Technical performance elements, such as hygiene and the quality of the indoor environment, and all factors that influence the comfort, health and productivity of the occupants.
3.2.5. IEQ Parameters
4. Some Future Work, Suggested by the Literature
- Apply the POE for cost–benefit analyses.
- Adopt larger samples to draw conclusions with greater statistical power.
- Apply multi-criteria assessment approaches to better represent the occupants’ satisfaction.
- Due to the cultural differences, the results and recommended solutions of the POE’s applications might not be necessarily generalizable to other contexts. Therefore, models that allow the transfer of results are a relevant requirement.
- Conducting a study focusing on individual differences in the sensitivity to the IEQ would be helpful to address the generalization limitation.
- Develop and test exemplary standards that provide market companies, professionals and decision makers with the most applicable procedures at the same time.
- Future studies using occupant voting systems need to be conducted over a long period (at least 30 days), or that, at least, introduce interventions to create high variations in indoor conditions and occupants’ voting patterns.
- Greater diffusion of the use of the POE to include repair, maintenance and refurbishment projects.
- Develop interfaces and communication supports that allow the results of the POE to be applied in signaling the elements of the building that are the source of the problem to the occupants and to the designers employed to find solutions.
- Use the POE on the diverse responses of occupants (e.g., psychological, cognitive, physiological and emotional) for different project solutions through a virtual environment.
- Conduct post-COVID-19 assessments through POE application.
5. Conclusions
- There are many scientific studies describing case studies on the application of POE. The number of these studies has grown significantly, especially since 2015. The last years of research (especially 2020 and 2021) have been particularly attentive to this issue. This highlights the importance of this tool, which is still extremely widespread, despite being available for more than 60 years.
- Scientific research, from a geographical point of view, is well distributed among the different regions of the world, including many developing countries (e.g., Nigeria, Ghana, Liberia, Sri Lanka and South Africa).
- The use of the POE pursues the main objective of evaluating occupant satisfaction and IEQ comfort. It has also demonstrated its ability to support technical actions to improve the performance of indoor environments, e.g., for design, maintenance, etc. This testifies to the flexibility of the POE and its ability to meet different needs.
- First and foremost, offices, schools, and private residences are the target audiences for surveys that are conducted through the POE. However, there is no shortage of applications in specific contexts, such as hotels, hospitals, museums and churches. This aspect also enhances its flexibility
- Digital tools for conducting questionnaires have made it possible to obtain a very high number of responses, thus broadening knowledge and increasing the statistical representativeness of the samples analyzed. Traditional approaches (such as personal interviews) are still used, and they provide significant results in terms of the detail and accuracy of the data collected.
- Quantitative measurements are often also associated with qualitative interviews, through the monitoring of specific physical parameters. These assessments generally concern the different categories of indoor parameters, such as thermal comfort, indoor air quality, light and the acoustic environment. Temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure are parameters that were measured in almost all the case studies that we evaluated, perhaps because of the low cost of the tools required. The variables that best represent the other categories were detected less frequently (but still significantly).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Paper | Objective | Consider IEQ | Paper’s Contribution | Gap and Future Developments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Afroz Z. et al., 2020 [28] | POE evaluation applied to certified buildings. | Yes, as part of green building projects. | Collect a large amount of information related to post-employment data collection and analytical approaches prescribed by the certification systems reviewed. |
|
Al Horr Y. et al., 2016 [30] | Describe the state of the art about the links between IEQs and occupant well-being and comfort. | Yes, assess the different factors that make up the IEQ. | The relationship between the IEQ and the well-being of the occupants and the relationship of IEQs amongst themselves is quite complex. Green building designs do not automatically guarantee that the building designed will be comfortable and ensure occupant well-being. |
|
Aliyu A.A. et al., 2016 [26] | Review previous literature on POE—origins, theories, benefits and approaches used in conducting POE | Not a priority | POE facilitates the detection of construction defects at an early-stage so corrective actions can be implemented as soon as possible. |
|
Artan D. et al., 2018 [29] | Review metrics used to measure occupant satisfaction, information collected for each parameter and mechanisms adopted to process the data collected. | Yes | The results show that most of the existing tools are not statistically validated as a measurement construct and that there is no consensus on occupant satisfaction measures, as well as on the information that should be collected by the operator/ occupant for each parameter |
|
Brambilla A. and Capolongo S., 2019 [32] | Compare and review recent tools able to assess the built environment of the hospital | Yes | The most recent tools analyzed by the document show a tendency to increase the percentage of indicators related to health rather than sustainability. |
|
Durosaiye I.O. et al., 2019 [6] | Describe the state the art of POE in the UK building procurement process. | Not a priority. | POE can be used to make important strategic decisions. Facility managers can use information from this POE repository to make strategic decisions. | n.a. |
Esfandiari M. et al., 2017 [17] | Analyze IEQ parameters and their relationship to occupant satisfaction. | Yes. | Identify IEQ parameters that have a strong influence on occupant comfort. The thermal, acoustic, light and air quality could strongly influence the comfort and health of people, playing a critical role in the energy consumption of buildings. There is a complicated relationship between IEQ parameters, which makes it difficult for a designer to find a balance between them. |
|
Fantozzi F. and Rocca M., 2020 [31] | Collect indicators for occupant health and comfort assessment in IEQ assessments. | Yes. | Human health risk assessment and comfort assessment indicators are specified. |
|
Galasiu A.D. and Veitch J.A., 2006 [33] | Occupant preferences and satisfaction with lighting environment and control systems in daylight offices. | Yes, for daylight. | The paper reveals the limitations in the current knowledge about how people react to daylight and, in particular, how they react to lighting and shading controls. Improving the energy efficiency of commercial buildings’ lighting should include better use of daylight, but this will require the development of control systems. |
|
Geng Y. et al., 2019 [25] | Review published research on post-occupancy performance of green buildings in terms of energy consumption, IEQ and occupant satisfaction. | Yes, with special attention to green buildings. | The energy performance of green buildings was, on average, better than that of conventional buildings. A significant discrepancy was found between planned and operational power consumption. It was not possible to observe a clear relationship between the actual energy consumption and the level of certification of sustainable construction. Current IEQ conditions of green buildings were not comparable in different countries. Green buildings generally have a higher level of occupant satisfaction than conventional buildings. |
|
Ilter D.A. et al., 2016 [24] | Collect indicators for assessing occupant satisfaction in IEQ evaluations. | Yes. | Evaluation indicators. |
|
Lee J.W. et al., 2020 [34] | Implement a web-based building occupant tracking system that incorporates the new approaches, based on a geographic information system (GIS) tool and open source spatial information. | Yes. | Define a detailed system framework |
|
Li P. et al., 2018 [27] | Qualitative and quantitative introduction of POE. | Yes. | Emerging research topics related to visualization of POE results, occupant survey database analysis, and occupancy measurement. |
|
Meir I.A. et al., 2009 [5] | Describe POE’s conceptual and methodological context, its interaction with other issues related to sustainable design and its growing “canonization” as a method. | Yes | POE is an important and probably inevitable step to make buildings more sustainable. | n.a. |
Mirzaei N. et al., 2020 [15] | Examine the relationship between buildings and health | Yes | Identification of important IEQ factors, including building design, aesthetics and ergonomics, which were less valued in previous research. Occupants of green buildings enjoy higher IEQ, satisfaction and health than occupants of non-green buildings. |
|
Roberts C.J. et al., 2019 [35] | Analyze POE literature on building operations and performance as a way to holistically map the body of existing knowledge | Yes | A stronger community of practice is needed to ensure a consistent approach to POE. |
|
Objective | Number of Papers | Frequency % |
---|---|---|
Occupant comfort/satisfaction | 90 | 38% |
IEQ comfort | 73 | 31% |
Design support | 15 | 6% |
Building performance | 14 | 6% |
Help with maintenance | 5 | 2% |
Improvement in occupant behavior | 4 | 2% |
Safety requirements assessment | 2 | 1% |
Satisfaction–productivity ratio | 2 | 1% |
General description | 29 | 12% |
Total | 234 | 100% |
Type of Building | Number of Papers | Frequency % | State of Use of the Buildings |
---|---|---|---|
Office/commercial building/public building | 73 | 31% | New: 7% Restructured: 0% Already used: 93% |
Educational institution | 59 | 25% | New: 5% Restructured: 0% Already used: 95% |
Residential building | 43 | 17% | New: 8% Restructured: 3% Already used: 89% |
Others | 8 | 3% | New: 22% Restructured: 1% Already used: 77% |
Hotel/Hostel/B&B | 5 | 2% | New: 0% Restructured: 0% Already used: 100% |
Students’ halls of residence | 5 | 2% | New: 0% Restructured: 0% Already used: 100% |
Museum/library/historical buildings | 5 | 2% | New: 0% Restructured: 0% Already used: 100% |
Fitness building | 3 | 1% | New: 0% Restructured: 0% Already used: 100% |
Healthcare | 3 | 1% | New: 0% Restructured: 0% Already used: 100% |
Religious structures | 1 | 1% | New: 0% Restructured: 0% Already used: 100% |
Not available | 29 | 12% | n.a. |
Total | 234 | 100% |
Number of Responses | Response Rate (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Approach | Number of Papers | Frequency % | Min | Mean | Max | Min | Mean | Max |
Online questionnaire | 113 | 48% | 14 | 588 | 11,243 | 7 | 52 | 94 |
Personal face-to-face interview | 33 | 14% | 8 | 182 | 796 | 20 | 47 | 75 |
Paper questionnaire | 8 | 3% | 65 | 171 | 440 | 2 | 44 | 79 |
Telephone interview | 1 | 1% | 29 | 29 | 29 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Not available | 79 | 33% | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
Total | 234 | 100% | 8 | 474 | 11,243 | 2 | 51 | 94 |
Category | Number of Papers | Frequency (%) of Articles that Analyze this Category, Compared to those that Do Not | Main Variables Measured | Main Instruments Used for the Sampling/Measurement |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal comfort | 134 | 85% | Temperature | HOBO and Tinytag sensors; Raspberry-Pi-based sensors; Kestral 4000 m; DT-172 logger; and HWM Ecosense temperature loggers |
Humidity | HOBO and Tinytag sensors; Raspberry-Pi-based sensors; Kestral 4000 m; and DT-172 logger | |||
Air pressure | HOBO and Tinytag sensors | |||
Air velocity | T-DCI-F900-S-O | |||
Indoor air quality | 100 | 64% | CO | HD21AB/HD21AB17 |
Particulate matter, PM10 and PM2.5 | Optical particle counters | |||
NO2 | Passive Difram100 Rapid air monitor | |||
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) | RadielloTM Cartridge Adsorbents; 98,519 | |||
Formaldehyde | Passive devices | |||
CO2 | Raspberry-Pi-based sensors; 98,123 J; HD21AB/HD21AB17; Vaisala CO2 sensor | |||
Lighting | 112 | 71% | Lighting | TM-203 Datalogging; Digital Light Meter and Lutron-YK2005LX; illuminance sensors |
Glare | Camera-based imaging luminance photometer | |||
Views from windows | Two-dimensional color analyzer | |||
Acoustic environment | 97 | 62% | Noise | Sound level meter and tapping machine. Solo 1092 01dB-METRAVIB |
Legend | Parameter/s | Number of Papers |
---|---|---|
A = lighting | A | 10 |
B = acoustic environment | B | 3 |
C = thermal comfort | C | 17 |
D = indoor air quality | D | 3 |
AB | 4 | |
BC | 7 | |
CD | 16 | |
AD | 1 | |
ABC | 12 | |
BCD | 4 | |
ACD | 5 | |
ABD | 3 | |
ABCD | 68 |
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Lolli, F.; Marinello, S.; Coruzzolo, A.M.; Butturi, M.A. Post-Occupancy Evaluation’s (POE) Applications for Improving Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ). Toxics 2022, 10, 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100626
Lolli F, Marinello S, Coruzzolo AM, Butturi MA. Post-Occupancy Evaluation’s (POE) Applications for Improving Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ). Toxics. 2022; 10(10):626. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100626
Chicago/Turabian StyleLolli, Francesco, Samuele Marinello, Antonio Maria Coruzzolo, and Maria Angela Butturi. 2022. "Post-Occupancy Evaluation’s (POE) Applications for Improving Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ)" Toxics 10, no. 10: 626. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100626