Energy Balance of a Typical U.S. Diet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Energy Inputs
2.1.1. Energy Input for Crop Production
2.1.2. Energy Input for Livestock Production
Food product | Animal feed conversion | Direct and indirect energy inputs | Average energy input |
---|---|---|---|
Chicken | 4.2 kg/kg edible meat | 25–35 MJ/kg meat | 30 MJ/kg (7170 kcal/kg) |
Pork | 10.7 kg/kg edible meat | 25–70 MJ/kg meat | 47.5 MJ/kg (11,353 kcal/kg) |
Beef (feedlots) | 31.7 kg/kg edible meat | 80–100 MJ/kg meat | 90 MJ/kg (21,511 kcal/kg) |
Laying hens | 4.2 kg/kg eggs | 450–500 MJ/year | 475 MJ/kg (113,528 kcal/kg) |
Dairy milk | 0.7 kg/liter milk | 5–7 MJ/liter of fresh milk | 6 MJ/liter (1434 kcal/kg) |
2.1.3. Energy Input for Fish Production
Item (1) | Food supply quantity kg/capita/year (%) (2) | Food supply kcal/capita/day (MJ/capita/day) (3) | Energy input for agricultural production, kcal/kg (MJ/kg) (4) | Energy input for Transportation, Handling and Processing, kcal/kg (MJ/kg) (5) | Average Input Energy, kcal/kg (MJ/kg) (6) | Annual Energy Input kcal/capita/year (MJ/capita/year) (7) | Percentage of energy input per food category, % (8) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grains 1 | 111 | 827 | 1716 | 6794 | 8510 | 907,757 | 9.52 |
(12.03%) | (3.46) | (7.18) | (28.43) | (35.61) | (3798.05) | ||
Vegetables 2 | 126 | 193 | 766 | 6790 | 7556 | 1,515,979 | 15.90 |
(13.65%) | (0.81) | (3.20) | (28.41) | (31.61) | (6342.86) | ||
Sugar & Sweeteners 3 | 71 | 663 | 5924 | 6797 | 12,721 | 899,404 | 9.43 |
(7.69%) | (2.77) | (24.79) | (28.44) | (53.22) | (3763.11) | ||
Pulses 4 | 4 | 40 | 1937 | 6652 | 8588 | 36,804 | 0.39 |
(0.43%) | (0.17) | (8.10) | (27.83) | (35.93) | (153.99) | ||
Treenuts & peanuts 5 | 4 | 65 | 2940 | 6827 | 9767 | 41,999 | 0.44 |
(0.43%) | (0.27) | (12.30) | (28.56) | (40.87) | (175.72) | ||
Fats and Oils 6 | 33 | 778 | 1509 | 6823 | 8332 | 271,232 | 2.84 |
(3.58%) | (3.26) | (6.31) | (28.55) | (34.86) | (1134.83) | ||
Fruits (Excluding Wine) 7 | 124 | 142 | 674 | 6789 | 7464 | 923,428 | 9.68 |
(13.43%) | (0.59) | (2.82) | (28.41) | (31.23) | (3863.62) | ||
Meat & Fish 8 | 176 | 532 | 13,345 | 6805 | 17,947 | 2,686,313 | 28.17 |
(19.07%) | (2.23) | (55.84) | (28.47) | (75.09) | (11,239.53) | ||
Eggs 9 | 15 | 57 | 1469 | 6762 | 8231 | 122,636 | 1.29 |
(1.63%) | (0.24) | (6.15) | (28.29) | (34.44) | (513.11) | ||
Dairy 10 | 259 | 382 | 1434 | 6812 | 8246 | 2,131,590 | 22.35 |
(28.06%) | (1.60) | (6.00) | (28.50) | (34.50) | (8918.57) | ||
Total | 923 | 3679 | 31,714 | 67,851 | 97,363 | 9,537,142 | 100 |
(100) | (15.39) | (132.69) | (283.89) | (407.37) | (39,903.40) |
2.1.4. Energy Input for Transportation, Processing and Handling
Item(1) | Food supply quantity, kg/capita/year (2) | Energy input for agriculture, kcal/kg, (MJ/kg) (3) | Energy input for transportation, handling and processing, kcal/kg (MJ/kg) (4) | Total input energy, kcal/kg (MJ/kg) (5) = (3) + (4) | Annual energy input kcal/capita/year (MJ/capita/year) (6) = (2) × (5) | References (7) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | 83.4 | 1236 | 6794 | 8030 | 669,690 | [18] |
(5.17) | (28.43) | (33.60) | (2801.98) | |||
Rice | 8.2 | 2645 | 6794 | 9439 | 77,399 | [19] |
(11.01) | (28.43) | (39.49) | (323.84) | |||
Barley | 0.5 | 815 | 6794 | 7609 | 3804 | [20] |
(3.41) | (28.43) | (31.84) | (15.91) | |||
Maize | 13.2 | 1889 | 6794 | 8683 | 114,614 | [21] |
(7.90) | (28.43) | (36.33) | (479.54) | |||
Rye | 0.3 | 1216 | 6794 | 8010 | 2403 | [22] |
(5.09) | (28.43) | (33.51) | (10.05) | |||
Oats | 3.7 | 742 | 6794 | 7536 | 27,883 | [23] |
(3.10) | (28.43) | (31.53) | (116.66) | |||
Sorghum | 1 | 3469 | 6794 | 10,263 | 10,263 | [24] |
(14.51) | (28.43) | (42.94) | (42.94) | |||
Cereals, Other (average of the above) | 0.2 | 1716 | 6794 | 8510 | 1702 | |
(7.18) | (28.43) | (35.61) | (7.12) | |||
Total | 110.5 | 907,757 (3798.05) |
2.2. Energy Output
3. Results and Discussion
Item | Food supply quantity kg/capita/year | Food supply kcal/capita/day (MJ/capita/day) | Annual Energy Input kcal/capita/year (MJ/capita/year) |
---|---|---|---|
Grains | 63 | 471 | 517,421 |
(1.97) | (2164.89) | ||
Vegetables | 72 | 110 | 864,108 |
(0.46) | (3615.43) | ||
Sugar & Sweeteners | 40 | 378 | 512,660 |
(1.58) | (2144.97) | ||
Pulses | 2 | 23 | 20,978 |
(0.10) | (87.77) | ||
Treenuts & peanuts | 2 | 37 | 23,939 |
(0.15) | (100.16) | ||
Fats and Oils | 19 | 443 | 154,602 |
(1.85) | (646.85) | ||
Fruits (Excluding Wine) | 71 | 81 | 526,354 |
(0.34) | (2202.27) | ||
Meat & Fish | 100 | 303 | 1,531,198 |
(1.27) | (6406.53) | ||
Eggs | 9 | 32 | 69,903 |
(0.13) | (292.47) | ||
Dairy | 148 | 218 | 1,215,006 |
(0.91) | (5083.59) | ||
Total | 526 | 2097 | 5,436,171 |
(8.77) | (22,744.94) |
Item (1) | Food supply quantity kg/capita/year (2) | Food supply kcal/capita/day (MJ/capita/day) (3) | Annual Energy Input kcal/capita/year (MJ/capita/year) (5) | Net Caloric value, kcal/year (MJ/year) (6) | Energy efficiency, % (7) = (6)/(5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grains | 111 | 827 | 907,757 | 301,855 | 33.25 |
(3.46) | (3798.06) | (1262.96) | |||
Vegetables | 126 | 193 | 1,515,979 | 51,830 | 3.42 |
(0.81) | (6342.86) | (216.86) | |||
Sugar & Sweeteners | 71 | 663 | 899,404 | 241,995 | 26.91 |
(2.77) | (3763.11) | (1012.51) | |||
Pulses | 4 | 40 | 36,804 | 14,600 | 39.67 |
(0.17) | (153.99) | (61.09) | |||
Treenuts & peanuts | 4 | 65 | 41,999 | 23,725 | 56.49 |
(0.27) | (175.72) | (99.27) | |||
Fats and Oils | 33 | 778 | 271,232 | 283,970 | N/A 1 |
(3.26) | (1134.83) | (1188.13) | |||
Fruits | 124 | 142 | 923,428 | 51,830 | 5.61 |
(0.59) | (3863.62) | (216.86) | |||
Meat & Fish | 176 | 532 | 2,686,313 | 181,770 | 6.77 |
(2.23) | (11,239.53) | (760.53) | |||
Eggs | 15 | 57 | 122,636 | 20,805 | 16.96 |
(0.24) | (513.11) | (87.05) | |||
Dairy | 259 | 382 | 2,131,590 | 139,430 | 6.54 |
(1.60) | (8918.57) | (583.38) | |||
Total | 923 | 3628 | 9,537,142 | 1,311,810 | 21.7 2 |
(15.18) | (39,903.49) | (5488.61) |
4. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alexandrou, A.; Tenbergen, K.; Adhikari, D. Energy Balance of a Typical U.S. Diet. Foods 2013, 2, 132-142. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods2020132
Alexandrou A, Tenbergen K, Adhikari D. Energy Balance of a Typical U.S. Diet. Foods. 2013; 2(2):132-142. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods2020132
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandrou, Athanasios, Klaus Tenbergen, and Diganta Adhikari. 2013. "Energy Balance of a Typical U.S. Diet" Foods 2, no. 2: 132-142. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods2020132