Drying Behavior and Curcuminoids Changes in Turmeric Slices during Drying under Simulated Solar Radiation as Influenced by Different Transparent Cover Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Turmeric Rhizomes
2.3. Simulated Light Exposure during Drying Experiments
2.3.1. Experimental Set Up
2.3.2. Drying Experiment
2.4. Evaluation of Drying Characteristics
2.5. Thin Layer Drying Models
2.6. Color Measurement
2.7. Methanolic Extraction
2.8. Chromatographic Analysis of Curcuminoids
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Drying Characteristics
3.2. Appearance and Color Measurement
3.3. Degradation of Curcuminoids
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Supplementary Data
Temperature (°C) | Cover Materials | Newton | Page | Modified Page | Henderson and Pabis | Midilli and Kucuk | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k | R2 | RMSE | AIC | k | n | R2 | RMSE | AIC | k | n | R2 | RMSE | AIC | k | a | R2 | RMSE | AIC | a | k | n | b | R2 | RMSE | AIC | ||
40 | Polycarbonate | 0.8547 | 0.9899 | 0.0295 | −84.34 | 0.7930 | 1.2225 | 0.9986 | 0.0110 | −123.82 | 0.8272 | 1.2225 | 0.9986 | 0.0110 | −123.82 | 0.9002 | 1.0576 | 0.9931 | 0.0245 | −90.14 | 0.9992 | 0.8021 | 1.2700 | 0.0037 | 0.9994 | 0.0074 | −136.32 |
PMMA | 0.9344 | 0.9888 | 0.0306 | −83.90 | 0.8778 | 1.2462 | 0.9987 | 0.0080 | −130.62 | 0.9007 | 1.2462 | 0.9987 | 0.0080 | −130.62 | 0.9842 | 1.0587 | 0.9921 | 0.0256 | −78.74 | 0.9994 | 0.8874 | 1.2803 | 0.0030 | 0.9995 | 0.0049 | −146.10 | |
50 | Polycarbonate | 1.0205 | 0.9888 | 0.0320 | −64.80 | 0.9823 | 1.2446 | 0.9987 | 0.0108 | −101.84 | 0.9858 | 1.2446 | 0.9987 | 0.0108 | −101.84 | 1.0731 | 1.0566 | 0.9920 | 0.0271 | −68.48 | 1.0012 | 1.0076 | 1.2946 | 0.0051 | 0.9996 | 0.0060 | −117.86 |
PMMA | 1.1373 | 0.9882 | 0.0331 | −59.70 | 1.1218 | 1.2423 | 0.9992 | 0.0086 | −100.88 | 1.0948 | 1.2679 | 0.9992 | 0.0086 | −100.88 | 1.1946 | 1.0561 | 0.9914 | 0.0284 | −62.60 | 1.0018 | 1.1488 | 1.3039 | 0.0042 | 0.9998 | 0.0045 | −117.38 | |
60 | Polycarbonate | 1.3935 | 0.9884 | 0.0340 | −43.50 | 1.4431 | 1.2703 | 0.9996 | 0.0065 | −80.88 | 1.3473 | 1.2703 | 0.9996 | 0.0065 | −80.88 | 1.4463 | 1.0434 | 0.9905 | 0.0308 | −43.10 | 0.9965 | 1.4594 | 1.2940 | 0.0026 | 0.9997 | 0.0057 | −79.90 |
PMMA | 1.4653 | 0.9885 | 0.0343 | −38.58 | 1.5248 | 1.2545 | 0.9990 | 0.0103 | −63.46 | 1.3998 | 1.2545 | 0.9990 | 0.0103 | −63.46 | 1.5122 | 1.0370 | 0.9901 | 0.0319 | −38.96 | 0.9956 | 1.4715 | 1.2233 | −0.0063 | 0.9994 | 0.0081 | −64.80 | |
70 | Polycarbonate | 1.5337 | 0.9788 | 0.0468 | −41.98 | 1.6728 | 1.3594 | 0.9997 | 0.0054 | −100.26 | 1.4601 | 1.3593 | 0.9997 | 0.0054 | −100.26 | 1.6294 | 1.0706 | 0.9841 | 0.0405 | −44.04 | 0.9968 | 1.6522 | 1.3542 | −0.0021 | 0.9998 | 0.0050 | −98.54 |
PMMA | 1.6571 | 0.9828 | 0.0413 | −48.44 | 1.8220 | 1.3223 | 0.9988 | 0.0108 | −81.18 | 1.5741 | 1.3223 | 0.9988 | 0.0108 | −81.18 | 1.7370 | 1.0555 | 0.9861 | 0.0372 | −43.48 | 0.9885 | 1.8189 | 1.3479 | 0.0007 | 0.9989 | 0.0103 | −78.46 |
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Temperature (°C) | Drying Time (h) | Cover Materials | MC (% w.b.) ns | aw ns | CTL (K h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 | 14.22 | Polycarbonate | 8.06 ± 1.84 | 0.331 ± 0.029 | 219.25 ± 5.21 b |
PMMA | 8.54 ± 0.40 | 0.365 ± 0.013 | 233.89 ± 10.51 a | ||
50 | 7.50 | Polycarbonate | 7.30 ± 1.23 | 0.363 ± 0.016 | 158.13 ± 7.92 d |
PMMA | 6.53 ± 1.24 | 0.350 ± 0.047 | 173.20 ± 4.00 c | ||
60 | 4.75 | Polycarbonate | 7.08 ± 0.81 | 0.331 ± 0.017 | 136.68 ± 1.65 e |
PMMA | 7.13 ± 1.47 | 0.347 ± 0.019 | 140.33 ± 1.17 e | ||
70 | 3.17 | Polycarbonate | 6.23 ± 0.94 | 0.336 ± 0.004 | 107.71 ± 1.56 f |
PMMA | 6.51 ± 0.18 | 0.334 ± 0.021 | 110.23 ± 1.21 f |
Drying Temperature (°C) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Color Values | Fresh Sample | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | ||||
Polycarbonate | PMMA | Polycarbonate | PMMA | Polycarbonate | PMMA | Polycarbonate | PMMA | ||
L* | 53.37 ± 0.46 | 54.59 ± 0.12 a | 51.36 ± 2.86 a | 54.09 ± 1.91 a | 53.10 ± 0.16 a | 54.24 ± 0.37 a | 52.02 ± 4.37 a | 49.67 ± 0.37 b | 47.80 ± 1.08 b |
a* | 38.34 ± 1.00 | 26.32 ± 0.76 bcd | 25.85 ± 1.39 cd | 27.99 ± 0.08 abc | 27.37 ± 0.33 abc | 28.46 ± 1.07 ab | 26.46 ± 0.10 abc | 28.63 ± 0.44 a | 24.18 ± 1.55 d |
b* | 47.47 ± 1.58 | 34.43 ± 0.04 a | 28.59 ± 4.68 ab | 34.41 ± 3.32 a | 32.27 ± 0.08 a | 34.29 ± 0.17 a | 30.60 ± 5.59 a | 26.99 ± 0.53 ab | 22.94 ± 2.04 b |
C* | 61.09 ± 1.51 | 43.34 ± 0.42 a | 38.57 ± 4.40 ab | 44.39 ± 2.52 a | 42.32 ± 0.15 a | 44.58 ± 0.56 a | 40.54 ± 4.16 a | 39.35 ± 0.64 ab | 33.34 ± 2.48 b |
h° | 50.02 ± 1.04 | 52.61 ± 0.84 a | 47.71 ± 3.15 ab | 50.80 ± 2.79 a | 49.70 ± 0.40 a | 50.31 ± 1.20 a | 48.87 ± 5.30 ab | 43.31 ± 0.36 b | 43.45 ± 1.07 b |
ΔE | - | 16.46 ± 2.96 c | 22.86 ± 2.98 abc | 16.56 ± 1.92 c | 18.59 ± 2.09 bc | 18.08 ± 0.03 bc | 21.25 ± 4.47 bc | 23.68 ± 2.50 ab | 27.94 ± 1.01 a |
Temperature (°C) | Cover Materials | Curcumin | Demethoxycurcumin | Bisdemethoxycurcumin | Total Curcuminoid Content | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg g−1 Dry Solid) | (mg g−1 Dry Solid) | (mg g−1 Dry Solid) | (mg g−1 Dry Solid) | ||||||
Fresh | Dried | Fresh | Dried | Fresh | Dried | Fresh | Dried | ||
40 | Polycarbonate | 197.03 ± 3.09 a | 182.50 ± 3.67 b | 51.31 ± 1.08 a | 47.27 ± 0.48 b | 57.09 ± 0.39 a | 57.75 ± 0.03 a | 305.44 ± 4.56 a | 287.52 ± 4.12 b |
PMMA | 211.97 ± 3.20 a | 184.99 ± 2.89 b | 54.67 ± 0.03 a | 49.06 ± 0.71 b | 62.56 ± 1.57 a | 60.37 ± 1.61 a | 329.03 ± 1.60 a | 294.42 ± 0.58 b | |
50 | Polycarbonate | 217.13 ± 4.00 a | 202.11 ± 3.92 a | 56.48 ± 0.19 a | 53.47 ± 1.16 a | 62.25 ± 1.64 a | 65.42 ± 2.34 a | 335.86 ± 2.16 a | 321.00 ± 7.42 a |
PMMA | 206.10 ± 5.48 a | 195.62 ± 6.44 a | 53.13 ± 1.46 a | 51.77 ± 2.64 a | 59.41 ± 1.82 a | 63.76 ± 4.64 a | 318.64 ± 8.75 a | 311.16 ± 13.72 a | |
60 | Polycarbonate | 224.95 ± 3.78 a | 210.48 ± 0.66 b | 56.71 ± 1.93 a | 54.85 ± 0.25 a | 64.13 ± 3.02 a | 68.15 ± 1.51 a | 345.79 ± 8.72 a | 333.49 ± 2.24 a |
PMMA | 202.76 ± 1.82 a | 200.17 ± 3.45 a | 52.98 ± 1.34 a | 52.86 ± 1.33 a | 57.76 ± 3.63 a | 63.87 ± 3.81 a | 313.50 ± 6.79 a | 316.90 ± 8.59 a | |
70 | Polycarbonate | 200.22 ± 14.42 a | 213.72 ± 2.84 a | 52.09 ± 3.56 a | 56.97 ± 1.00 a | 59.44 ± 5.81 a | 70.69 ± 2.17 a | 311.75 ± 23.78 a | 341.20 ± 0.33 a |
PMMA | 216.86 ± 5.95 a | 202.62 ± 1.88 a | 55.83 ± 1.87 a | 53.55 ± 2.24 a | 63.28 ± 0.27 a | 65.56 ± 3.46 a | 335.96 ± 8.09 a | 321.71 ± 7.59 a |
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Komonsing, N.; Reyer, S.; Khuwijitjaru, P.; Mahayothee, B.; Müller, J. Drying Behavior and Curcuminoids Changes in Turmeric Slices during Drying under Simulated Solar Radiation as Influenced by Different Transparent Cover Materials. Foods 2022, 11, 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050696
Komonsing N, Reyer S, Khuwijitjaru P, Mahayothee B, Müller J. Drying Behavior and Curcuminoids Changes in Turmeric Slices during Drying under Simulated Solar Radiation as Influenced by Different Transparent Cover Materials. Foods. 2022; 11(5):696. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050696
Chicago/Turabian StyleKomonsing, Nilobon, Sebastian Reyer, Pramote Khuwijitjaru, Busarakorn Mahayothee, and Joachim Müller. 2022. "Drying Behavior and Curcuminoids Changes in Turmeric Slices during Drying under Simulated Solar Radiation as Influenced by Different Transparent Cover Materials" Foods 11, no. 5: 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11050696