Striving for Modernity: Layout and Abstracts in the Biomedical Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
“It may seem like an extreme degree of conservatism to continue for so long a period without substantial changes. However, it was simply a matter of preserving what appeared to be a fully satisfactory style: the Editors were comfortable with it, and as far as we could determine, so were the contributors and the readers. There was little motivation for radical change. As a matter of fact, the new format was not primarily dictated by growing dissatisfaction with the old or by a strongly felt need to "modernize," but rather by the pressure to provide additional space for the rapidly increasing number of manuscripts submitted to the Journal…
…After maintaining a stable level for the first five years, there has been a steady and precipitous increase in submissions since 1985. The larger page size and double column format will allow the publication of more papers, thus alleviating the pressure resulting from this increase, and at the same time will improve the display of certain types of data. Changes other than those dictated by page size and double column format have been kept to a minimum.”[12]
while remaining a palatable, yet central forum for its readers. Similarly, Anaesthesia, the organ of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland, transitioned to a two-column layout in 1980, when the association was renewed and Dr. Philip Helliwell was elected president [17]. By that time, this journal was already facing a big increase in the number of published studies:“This will be more necessary than before, in view of the large American effort planned for the seventies, which will undoubtedly result in a greatly increased flow of information”,[16]
“Readers will also notice changes in the printing and format of Anaesthesia. These are designed to provide more space, more economically, with the objective of aiding the Editors in their impossible task of accommodating a quart (1140 ml) in a pint (570 ml) pot!”
“The new type is 10 point Baskerville, an attractive face and a somewhat more readable one than the condensed face formerly used. The practical effect of this change will be to reduce the number of characters in a given line, but this will be achieved in a more direct fashion by establishing two columns where one was used before. With this format, the reader’s eyes will have a shorter ‘swing’ from the end of one line to the beginning of the next. Two columns will also allow more flexibility in the arrangement of illustrative material with the text.”[19]
“conforms with most comparable international journals….will enhance the technical standard of tables and illustrations and provide more scope for their presentation”.[20]
4. A Useful Choice?
“The Journal has adopted, not without misgiving, the synoptic preface. Readers may, and editors certainly do, notice that the summary has often been the weakest part of a paper: as if the authors, exhausted by labours of composition, could not bring themselves to recrystallize their thoughts. They will now need to show special skill to summarize their aims and achievement in a space shorter than the erstwhile terminal summary.”[37]
which would suggest again that the importance of having that section was not fully grasped at the time. If we look at Table 1, we notice that while the change in column layout usually occurred with the beginning of a solar year, and thus with a new volume, abstracts often appeared mid-year, as if they represented a minor adjustment for internal purposes, almost to be unnoticed by authors. Yet abstracts are now the emblem of the strategic approach to literature that was mentioned above. An abstract serves the purpose of quick identification of the content of a text, which is particularly useful during a literature search, where dozens or hundreds of articles are browsed and only a few pertinent works must be retained [38], and it is thus at the heart of that strategy of information retrieval that is necessary vis-à-vis the current biomedical literature.“A touch of modernization has been added by having the summary appear at the beginning of each article, where readers are now accustomed to look for it in most publications”,[12]
5. Taking the Alternative Path?
6. Where To?
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Name | Specialty | Publisher | 1 Column | 2 Columns | Abstract |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Journal of Archaeological Science | Archaeology | Elsevier | X | X | |
Oxford Journal of Archaeology | Archaeology | Wiley | X | X | |
Journal of Archaeological Research | Archaeology | Springer | X | X | |
Journal of Asian Studies | Multidisciplinary | Cambridge University Press | X | X | |
Classical Philology | Literature | University of Chicago Press | X | - | |
English | Literature | Oxford University Press | X | - | |
Studies in Microeconomics | Economics | SAGE Publications | X | X | |
Journal of Macroeconomics | Economics | Elsevier | X | X | |
Journal of Law and Society | Law | Wiley | X | X | |
International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice | Law | Elsevier | X | X | |
International Journal of Law in Context | Law | Cambridge University Press | X | X | |
Journal of Physics | Physics | IOP | X | ||
Journal of Computational Physics | Physics | Elsevier | X | X | |
Molecular Astrophysics | Physics | Elsevier | X | X | |
Journal of Chemistry | Chemistry | Hindawi | X | X | |
Computational and Theoretical Chemistry | Chemistry | Elsevier | X | X | |
Analytical Chemistry Research | Chemistry | Elsevier | X | X | |
International Journal of Engineering Science | Engineering | Elsevier | X | X | |
International Journal of Engineering | Engineering | Materials and Energy Research Center | X | X | |
Journal of Engineering Education | Engineering | Wiley | X | X | |
Journal of Information Science | IT | SAGE Publications | X | X | |
Journal of Information Security and Applications | IT | Elsevier | X | X | |
Journal of Information Technology | IT | Springer | X | X |
Appendix B
Name | Specialty | Publisher | first Issue | Reason for Exclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|
Academic Medicine | Academic medicine | Association of American Medical Colleges | 1926 | - |
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica | Anaesthesiology | Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine | 1957 | - |
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica | Neurology | Wiley-Blackwell | 1925 | - |
Acta Paediatrica | Pediatrics | Wiley-Blackwell | 1921 | - |
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | Psychiatry | Wiley-Blackwell | 1926 | - |
American Journal of Gastroenterology | Gastroenterology | Nature Publishing Group | 1934 | Available online issues starting from 1998 |
American Journal of the Medical Sciences | Multidisciplinary | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | 1820 | Available online issues starting from 1995 |
American Journal of Public Health | Public health | American Public Health Association | 1911 | - |
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | Critical care | American Thoracic Society | 1917 | - |
Anaesthesia | Anaesthesiology | Wiley-Blackwell | 1946 | - |
The Angle Orthodontist | Orthodontics | Taylor and Francis Group | 1931 | - |
Annals of Human Genetics | Human genetics | John Wiley & Sons | 1925 | - |
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England | Surgery | The Royal College of Surgeons of England | 1947 | - |
Annual Review of Medicine | Multidisciplinary | Annual Reviews | 1950 | - |
Archives of Disease in Childhood | Pediatrics | BMJ Group | 1926 | - |
British Dental Journal | Dentistry | Nature Publishing Group | 1904 | Available online issues starting from 1970 |
BJUI | Urology | Wiley-Blackwell | 1929 | - |
Blood | Hematology | American Society of Hematology | 1946 | - |
BMJ | Multidisciplinary | BMJ | 1840 | Started with a two-column layout |
British Journal of Anaesthesia | Anaesthesiology | Oxford University Press | 1923 | - |
British Journal of Cancer | Oncology | Nature Publishing Group | 1947 | - |
British Journal of Dermatology | Dermatology | Wiley-Blackwell | 1888 | - |
British Journal of Ophthalmology | Ophthalmology | BMJ Publishing Group | 1917 | Available online issues starting from 2010 |
British Journal of Surgery | Surgery | John Wiley & Sons | 1913 | - |
CA – A Cancer Journal for Clinicians | Oncology | Wiley-Blackwell | 1950 | Started with a 2-column layout |
Canadian Medical Association Journal | Multidisciplinary | Canadian Medical Association | 1911 | - |
Chest | Cardiology, respiratory health | American College of Chest Physicians | 1935 | Started with a two-column layout |
Chinese Medical Journal | Multidisciplinary | Chinese Medical Association, Wolters Kluwer Medknow | 1887 | - |
Circulation | Cardiology | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | 1950 | Started with a two-column layout |
Clinical Chemistry | Medicinal chemistry | American Association for Clinical Chemistry | 1955 | - |
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics | Pharmacology | Wiley-Blackwell | 1960 | Started with a two-column layout |
Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift | Multidisciplinary | Thieme Medical Publishers | 1875 | Started with a two-column layout |
Diabetes | Diabetes | American Diabetes Association | 1952 | Started with a two-column layout |
Heart | Cardiology | BMJ Group | 1939 | - |
International Journal of Psychoanalysis | Psychology | Wiley-Blackwell | 1920 | Available online issues starting from 2001 |
Journal of Anatomy and Physiology | Physiology | Cambridge University Press | 1867 | - |
Journal of Clinical Investigation | Multidisciplinary | American Society for Clinical Investigation | 1924 | - |
Journal of Experimental Medicine | Multidisciplinary | Rockefeller University Press | 1896 | - |
Journal of General Physiology | Physiology | Rockefeller University Press | 1919 | - |
Journal of Immunology | Immunology | The American Association of Immunologists | 1916 | - |
Journal of Internal Medicine | Multidisciplinary | Wiley-Blackwell | 1863 | - |
Journal of Investigative Dermatology | Dermatology | Nature Publishing Group | 1938 | - |
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | Psychiatry | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | 1874 | - |
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine | Occupational medicine | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | 1959 | Started with a two-column layout |
Journal of Physiology | Physiology | Wiley-Blackwell | 1878 | - |
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine | Multidisciplinary | SAGE Publications | 1809 | - |
Langenbeck’s Archives of Surgery | Surgery | Spring Science+Business Media | 1860 | - |
The Medical Journal of Australia | Multidisciplinary | Australasian Medical Publishing Company | 1914 | Available online issues starting from 1996 |
The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics | Pharmacology | The Medical letter, Inc. | 1959 | Available online issues starting from 1988 |
Neurology | Neurology | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | 1951 | - |
Obstetrics and Gynecology | Obstetrics, gynecology | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | 1953 | Started with a two-column layout |
Postgraduate Medicine | Multidisciplinary | Taylor and Francis | 1947 | Started with a two-column layout |
Physiological reviews | Physiology | American Physiological Society | 1921 | - |
Psychosomatic Medicine | Psychology | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | 1939 | Started with a two-column layout |
QJM: An International Journal of Medicine | Multidisciplinary | Oxford University Press | 1907 | - |
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Name | Publisher | One Column | Two Columns | Abstract |
---|---|---|---|---|
Academic Medicine | Association of American Medical Colleges | 1926–1951 | 1952– | 1975 |
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica | Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine | 1957–1971 | 1972– | 1971 |
Acta Neurologica Scandinavica | Wiley-Blackwell | 1925–1982 | 1983– | 1971 |
Acta Paediatrica | Wiley-Blackwell | 1921–1991 | 1992– | Mar 1974 |
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | Wiley-Blackwell | 1926–1982 | 1983– | Feb 1974 |
American Journal of Public Health | American Public Health Association | 1911– Feb 1933 | Mar 1933– | Jan 1976 |
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine | American Thoracic Society | 1917–1958 | 1959– | 1979 |
Anaesthesia | Wiley-Blackwell | 1946–1976 | 1977– | Jan 1980 |
The Angle Orthodontist | Taylor and Francis Group | 1931–1950 | 1950– | 1981 |
Annals of Human Genetics | John Wiley & Sons | 1925–1995 | 1996– | Jan 1981 |
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England | The Royal College of Surgeons of England | 1947–1973 | 1974– | 1973 |
Annual Review of Medicine | Annual Reviews | 1950–2006 | 2007– | 1983 |
Archives of Disease in Childhood | BMJ Group | 1926–1942 | 1943- | 1975 |
BJUI | Wiley-Blackwell | 1929–1977 | 1978– | 1978 |
Blood | American Society of Hematology | 1946- 1979 | 1980– | Jul 1971 |
British Journal of Anaesthesia | Oxford University Press | 1923–1953 | 1954– | Jun 1962 |
British Journal of Cancer | Nature Publishing Group | 1947–1971 | 1972-– | Mar 1970 |
British Journal of Dermatology | Wiley-Blackwell | 1888–1990 | 1991– | Jan 1968 |
British Journal of Surgery | John Wiley & Sons | 1913–1941 | 1942– | Jan 1970 |
Canadian Medical Association Journal | Canadian Medical Association | 1911–1920 | 1921– | Jan 1973 |
Chinese Medical Journal | Chinese Medical Association, Wolters Kluwer Medknow | 1887–1949 | 1959– | |
Clinical Chemistry | American Association for Clinical Chemistry | 1955–1969 | 1970 | Jan 1961 |
Heart | BMJ Group | 1939–1965 | 1966– | Jan 1970 |
Journal of Anatomy and Physiology | Cambridge University Press | 1867–1991 | 1992– | 1992 |
Journal of Clinical Investigation | American Society for Clinical Investigation | 1924–1934 | 1935– | Jan 1967 |
Journal of Experimental Medicine | Rockefeller University Press | 1896–1989 | 1990 | Jul 1990 |
Journal of General Physiology | Rockefeller University Press | 1919–1995 | 1996– | Sep 1957 |
Journal of Immunology | The American Association of Immunologists | 1916–Jan 1953 | Feb 1953– | Jul 1969 |
Journal of Internal Medicine | Wiley-Blackwell | 1863 –1959 | 1959– | Jan 1968 |
Journal of Investigative Dermatology | Nature Publishing Group | 1938–1957 | 1958- | May 1969 |
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | 1874–Jun 1954 | Jul 1954– | Jan 1969 |
Journal of Physiology | Wiley-Blackwell | 1878–1993 | 1994– | Jan 1966 |
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine | SAGE Publications | 1908–1958 | 1959– | Jan 1980 |
Langenbeck’s Archives of Surgery | Spring Science+Business Media | 1872–1987 | 1988 | Dec 1968 |
Neurology | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | 1951–1954 | 1955– | Jan 1974 |
Physiological Reviews | American Physiological Society | 1921–1989 | 1990– | Jul 1995 |
QJM: An International Journal of Medicine | Oxford University Press | 1907– | Jan 1971 |
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Galli, C.; Colangelo, M.T.; Guizzardi, S. Striving for Modernity: Layout and Abstracts in the Biomedical Literature. Publications 2020, 8, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications8030038
Galli C, Colangelo MT, Guizzardi S. Striving for Modernity: Layout and Abstracts in the Biomedical Literature. Publications. 2020; 8(3):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications8030038
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalli, Carlo, Maria Teresa Colangelo, and Stefano Guizzardi. 2020. "Striving for Modernity: Layout and Abstracts in the Biomedical Literature" Publications 8, no. 3: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications8030038
APA StyleGalli, C., Colangelo, M. T., & Guizzardi, S. (2020). Striving for Modernity: Layout and Abstracts in the Biomedical Literature. Publications, 8(3), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/publications8030038