Pregnancy and Dentistry: A Literature Review on Risk Management during Dental Surgical Procedures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Orofacial District
1.2. Pharmacology during Pregnancy
1.3. Adverse Events during Pregnancy
2. Aim
- − the most frequent oral diseases during pregnancy, their causes and risk factors;
- − the correlation of oral pathology to adverse events concerning the pregnant woman and the newborn;
- − the diagnostic procedures, dental and pharmacological treatments that can be performed safely during pregnancy, including contraindications;
- − precautions that should be taken by the dentist during oral procedures.
3. Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Oral Pathology during Pregnancy
5.1.1. Periodontal Disease
5.1.2. Tooth Mobility
5.1.3. Decay
5.1.4. Erosion
5.1.5. Epulis Gravidarum
5.2. Periodontal Disease and Adverse Events during Pregnancy
5.3. Preterm Birth
5.3.1. Periodontal Disease and Its Correlation with Preeclampsia
5.3.2. Role of Periodontal Disease Treatment
5.4. Dental Diagnosis in the Pregnant Woman
5.4.1. Dentists’ Knowledge Regarding Pregnancy
5.4.2. Medical History (Anamnesis)
5.4.3. Dental Physical Examination
5.4.4. Instrumental Diagnosis
5.5. Dental Treatment in Pregnant Women
5.5.1. The Positioning of the Patient
5.5.2. Drugs during Pregnancy
- Category A: Adequate and well-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters).
- Category B: Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.
- Category C: Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
- Category D: There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience or studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
- Category X: Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits [94].
5.5.3. Local Anesthetics
5.5.4. Antibiotics, Antifungals, and Antiseptics
5.5.5. Analgesics
5.5.6. Nitrous Oxide
5.5.7. Restoration Materials
5.5.8. Surgical Procedures
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Favero, V.; Bacci, C.; Volpato, A.; Bandiera, M.; Favero, L.; Zanette, G. Pregnancy and Dentistry: A Literature Review on Risk Management during Dental Surgical Procedures. Dent. J. 2021, 9, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9040046
Favero V, Bacci C, Volpato A, Bandiera M, Favero L, Zanette G. Pregnancy and Dentistry: A Literature Review on Risk Management during Dental Surgical Procedures. Dentistry Journal. 2021; 9(4):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9040046
Chicago/Turabian StyleFavero, Vittorio, Christian Bacci, Andrea Volpato, Michela Bandiera, Lorenzo Favero, and Gastone Zanette. 2021. "Pregnancy and Dentistry: A Literature Review on Risk Management during Dental Surgical Procedures" Dentistry Journal 9, no. 4: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9040046