Subgingival Microbiota Profile in Association with Cigarette Smoking in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Sample Size
2.4. Microbiological Sampling and Analyses
2.5. Clinical Examination
2.6. Statistical Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-Smokers (n = 32) | Smokers (n = 32) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
women | 15 | (46.9) | 13 | (40.6) |
men | 17 | (53.1) | 19 | (59.4) |
Age (years), median (IQR) | 31 | (26–34) | 30 | (27–32) |
Dental exams at least once a year | 20 | (62.5) | 21 | (65.6) |
Periodontal indices | ||||
approximal plaque index | 0.18 | (0.13–0.22) | 0.15 | (0.10–0.22) |
bleeding on probing | 0.25 | (0.16–0.30) | 0.23 | (0.08–0.31) |
periodontal pocket depths (mm) | 2.42 | (2.32–2.49) | 2.50 | (2.26–2.65) |
gingival retraction (mm) | 0.18 | (0.11–0.26) | 0.14 | (0.03–0.34) |
clinical attachment level | 2.47 | (2.35–2.55) | 2.56 | (2.30–2.72) |
Duration of smoking (years), median (IQR) | 12 | (8–15) |
Non-Smokers (n = 32) | Smokers (n = 32) | p | φ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actinobacteria | 15 | (46.9) | 20 | (62.5) | 0.315 | 0.16 |
Proteobacteria | 10 | (31.3) | 9 | (28.1) | >0.999 | 0.03 |
Bacteroidetes | 5 | (15.6) | 6 | (18.8) | >0.999 | 0.04 |
Firmicutes | 28 | (87.5) | 25 | (78.1) | 0.509 | 0.12 |
Fusobacteria | 6 | (18.8) | 12 | (37.5) | 0.164 | 0.21 |
Non-Smokers (n = 32) | Smokers (n = 32) | p | φ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Veillonella parvula | 8 | (25.0) | 9 | (28.1) | >0.999 | 0.08 |
Fusobacterium nucleatum | 5 | (15.6) | 8 | (25.0) | 0.536 | 0.12 |
Actinomyces odontolyticus | 1 | (3.1) | 8 | (25.0) | 0.026 | 0.32 |
Actinomyces oris | 12 | (37.5) | 7 | (21.9) | 0.274 | 0.17 |
Parvimonas micra | 4 | (12.5) | 5 | (15.6) | >0.999 | 0.00 |
Fusobacterium canifelinum | 1 | (3.1) | 4 | (12.5) | 0.355 | 0.18 |
Capnocytophaga granulosa | 2 | (6.3) | 3 | (9.4) | >0.999 | 0.06 |
Veillonella atypica | 2 | (6.3) | 3 | (9.4) | >0.999 | 0.06 |
Capnocytophaga gingivalis | 1 | (3.1) | 3 | (9.4) | 0.613 | 0.13 |
Gemella morbillorum | 5 | (15.6) | 2 | (6.3) | 0.672 | 0.11 |
Propionibacterium acnes | 2 | (6.3) | 2 | (6.3) | ||
Gemella haemolysans | 1 | (3.1) | 2 | (6.3) | ||
Veillonella dispar | 1 | (3.1) | 2 | (6.3) | ||
Prevotella intermedia | 3 | (9.4) | 1 | (3.1) | 0.613 | 0.13 |
Capnocytophaga ochracea | 2 | (6.3) | 1 | (3.1) | ||
Actinomyces meyeri | 1 | (3.1) | 1 | (3.1) | ||
Fusobacterium periodonticum | 1 | (3.1) | 1 | (3.1) | ||
Prevotella nigrescens | 1 | (3.1) | 1 | (3.1) | ||
Prevotella spp | 1 | (3.1) | 1 | (3.1) | ||
Atopobium parvulum | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Campylobacter showae | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Capnocytophaga sputigena | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Eubacterium brachy | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Fusobacterium naviforme | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Gemella bergeri | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Lactobacillus salivarius | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Leptotrichia wadei | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Prevotella buccae | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Prevotella loescheii | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Prevotella dentalis | 2 | (6.3) | ||||
Prevotella melaninogenica | 2 | (6.3) | ||||
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Campylobacter concisus | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Leptotrichia trevisanii | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Prevotella denticola | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Veillonella rogosae | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
No bacteria | 9 | (28.1) | 10 | (31.3) |
Non-Smokers (n = 32) | Smokers (n = 32) | p | φ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Streptococcus oralis | 18 | (56.3) | 13 | (40.6) | 0.317 | 0.16 |
Streptococcus mitis | 9 | (28.1) | 14 | (43.8) | >0.999 | 0.07 |
Streptococcus salivarius | 3 | (9.4) | 8 | (25.0) | 0.184 | 0.21 |
Streptococcus sanguinis | 13 | (40.6) | 6 | (18.8) | 0.049 | 0.24 |
Rothia mucilaginosa | 3 | (9.4) | 6 | (18.8) | 0.474 | 0.14 |
Streptococcus intermedius | 3 | (9.4) | 6 | (18.8) | 0.474 | 0.14 |
Streptococcus parasanguinis | 5 | (15.6) | 5 | (15.6) | >0.999 | 0.00 |
Streptococcus gordonii | 2 | (6.3) | 5 | (15.6) | 0.426 | 0.15 |
Rothia dentocariosa | 3 | (9.4) | 4 | (12.5) | >0.999 | 0.05 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 3 | (9.4) | 4 | (12.5) | >0.999 | 0.16 |
Neisseria flavens | 2 | (6.3) | 3 | (9.4) | >0.999 | 0.06 |
Staphylococcus hominis | 3 | (9.4) | 0.238 | 0.22 | ||
Streptococcus pneumoniae | 6 | (18.8) | 2 | (6.3) | 0.257 | 0.19 |
Haemophilus parainfluenze | 5 | (15.6) | 2 | (6.3) | 0.426 | 0.15 |
Neisseria mucosa | 1 | (3.1) | 2 | (6.3) | ||
Neisseria bacilliformis | 2 | (6.3) | ||||
Streptococcus anginosus | 2 | (6.3) | ||||
Rothia aeria | 1 | (3.1) | 1 | (3.1) | ||
Streptococcus cristatus | 1 | (3.1) | 1 | (3.1) | ||
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Streptococcus vestibularis | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Staphylococcus capitis | 2 | (6.3) | ||||
Campylobacter showae | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Enterococcus faecalis | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Neisseria elongata | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Neisseria macacae | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Staphylococcus aureus | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Staphylococcus lugdunensis | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Streptococcus cristatus | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
Streptococcus mutans | 1 | (3.1) | ||||
No bacteria | 4 | (12.5) | 6 | (18.8) |
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Bašić, K.; Peroš, K.; Bošnjak, Z.; Šutej, I. Subgingival Microbiota Profile in Association with Cigarette Smoking in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Dent. J. 2021, 9, 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9120150
Bašić K, Peroš K, Bošnjak Z, Šutej I. Subgingival Microbiota Profile in Association with Cigarette Smoking in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Dentistry Journal. 2021; 9(12):150. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9120150
Chicago/Turabian StyleBašić, Krešimir, Kristina Peroš, Zrinka Bošnjak, and Ivana Šutej. 2021. "Subgingival Microbiota Profile in Association with Cigarette Smoking in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study" Dentistry Journal 9, no. 12: 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9120150