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Dentistry Journal
Volume 14
Issue 4
10.3390/dj14040226
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Layer-Matched A2 Shade Compatibility Across 3Y/4Y/5Y Multilayer Zirconia: CIEDE2000 Color Differences Correlated with Y2O3 Content (EDS), Phase Constitution (XRD), and Grain Size (FE-SEM)

by
Carlos Roberto Luna-Dominguez
,
Suria Sarahi Oliver-Parra
,
Omaika Victoria Criollo-Barrios
,
Gerardo Alberto Salvador Gomez-Lara
,
Ricardo de Jesús Figueroa-Lopez
and
Jorge Humberto Luna-Dominguez
*
Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Av. Universidad Esq. con Blvd, Adolfo Lopez Mateos S/N, Tampico 89337, Tamaulipas, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Dent. J. 2026, 14(4), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14040226
Submission received: 18 January 2026 / Revised: 2 March 2026 / Accepted: 30 March 2026 / Published: 10 April 2026
Versions Notes

Abstract

Objective: This in vitro study aimed to compare the layer-matched color compatibility of three 3Y/4Y/5Y multilayer zirconia grades marketed in shade A2. Materials and Methods: Disc specimens (18 mm × 1.5 mm) were milled from pre-shaded multilayer zirconia blanks (Katana™ Multi-Layered Zirconia; Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan) in three grades: UTML (5Y), STML (4Y), and HTML (3Y). Twelve discs per grade were polished and measured on a neutral-gray background (Munsell N7) using a dental spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade Advance 4.0; VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) at the incisal, middle, and cervical thirds. Color differences were calculated using CIEDE2000 (ΔE00). Yttria content (wt%) was determined using EDS (JSM-7800F; JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and phases were assessed using XRD (X’Pert PRO; Malvern Panalytical, Almelo, The Netherlands); microstructure and grain size were examined using FE-SEM after thermal etching. Statistics: A two-way mixed-design ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment (α = 0.05) was conducted. Results: A significant incisal-to-cervical gradient was observed within each grade (p < 0.001), whereas layer-matched inter-material differences were small (all ΔE00 < 1.0), i.e., below the commonly accepted perceptibility threshold. EDS confirmed the expected stepwise decrease in Y2O3 from UTML to HTML, accompanied by corresponding changes in phase constitution and grain size. Conclusions: Despite compositional and microstructural differences, the three multilayer zirconia grades showed no clinically perceptible layer-matched color differences, supporting their combined use in extended rehabilitations while maintaining the natural-like color gradient across the multilayer blank.
Keywords: zirconia; CAD/CAM; yttrium content; color match; tooth shade; multilayer zirconia zirconia; CAD/CAM; yttrium content; color match; tooth shade; multilayer zirconia

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MDPI and ACS Style

Luna-Dominguez, C.R.; Oliver-Parra, S.S.; Criollo-Barrios, O.V.; Gomez-Lara, G.A.S.; Figueroa-Lopez, R.d.J.; Luna-Dominguez, J.H. Layer-Matched A2 Shade Compatibility Across 3Y/4Y/5Y Multilayer Zirconia: CIEDE2000 Color Differences Correlated with Y2O3 Content (EDS), Phase Constitution (XRD), and Grain Size (FE-SEM). Dent. J. 2026, 14, 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14040226

AMA Style

Luna-Dominguez CR, Oliver-Parra SS, Criollo-Barrios OV, Gomez-Lara GAS, Figueroa-Lopez RdJ, Luna-Dominguez JH. Layer-Matched A2 Shade Compatibility Across 3Y/4Y/5Y Multilayer Zirconia: CIEDE2000 Color Differences Correlated with Y2O3 Content (EDS), Phase Constitution (XRD), and Grain Size (FE-SEM). Dentistry Journal. 2026; 14(4):226. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14040226

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luna-Dominguez, Carlos Roberto, Suria Sarahi Oliver-Parra, Omaika Victoria Criollo-Barrios, Gerardo Alberto Salvador Gomez-Lara, Ricardo de Jesús Figueroa-Lopez, and Jorge Humberto Luna-Dominguez. 2026. "Layer-Matched A2 Shade Compatibility Across 3Y/4Y/5Y Multilayer Zirconia: CIEDE2000 Color Differences Correlated with Y2O3 Content (EDS), Phase Constitution (XRD), and Grain Size (FE-SEM)" Dentistry Journal 14, no. 4: 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14040226

APA Style

Luna-Dominguez, C. R., Oliver-Parra, S. S., Criollo-Barrios, O. V., Gomez-Lara, G. A. S., Figueroa-Lopez, R. d. J., & Luna-Dominguez, J. H. (2026). Layer-Matched A2 Shade Compatibility Across 3Y/4Y/5Y Multilayer Zirconia: CIEDE2000 Color Differences Correlated with Y2O3 Content (EDS), Phase Constitution (XRD), and Grain Size (FE-SEM). Dentistry Journal, 14(4), 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14040226

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