Consequences of Untreated Dental Caries on Schoolchildren in Mexico State’s Rural and Urban Areas
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Variables
2.3. Data Collection
2.3.1. Questionnaires
2.3.2. Oral Health Assessment
2.3.3. Nutritional Assessment
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics by Geographical Area
3.2. Consequences of Untreated Dental Caries
3.3. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CUDC | Consequences of untreated dental caries |
PUFA | Pulp involvement, ulcerations, fistula, and abscess |
OR | Odds ratio |
CI | Confidence interval |
DMFT | Number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth |
ICDAS | International caries detection and assessment system |
OHI-S | Simplified Oral Hygiene Index |
BMI | Body mass index |
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Total (%) n = 408 (100.0) | Rural (%) n = 203 (100.0) | Urban (%) n = 205 (100.0) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Mean ± S.D. | 10.0 ± 0.9 | 9.9 ± 0.8 | 10.0 ± 0.9 | 0.052 * |
Sex | Male | 193 (47.3) | 103 (50.7) | 90 (43.9) | 0.167 ** |
Female | 215 (52.7) | 100 (49.3) | 115 (56.1) | ||
Artificial juice intake | No | 300 (73.5) | 155 (76.3) | 145 (70.7) | 0.198 ** |
Yes | 108 (26.5) | 48 (23.7) | 60 (29.3) | ||
Soft drink consumption | No | 277 (67.8) | 150 (73.8) | 127 (61.9) | 0.010 ** |
Yes | 131 (32.2) | 53 (26.2) | 78 (38.1) | ||
Consuming sugary drinks before bed | No | 369 (90.5) | 179 (88.2) | 190 (92.6) | 0.012 ** |
Yes | 39 (9.5) | 24 (11.8) | 15 (7.4) | ||
Intake of candy | No | 268 (65.6) | 130 (64.1) | 138 (67.4) | 0.468 ** |
Yes | 140 (34.4) | 73 (35.9) | 67 (32.6) | ||
Chewing gum consumption | No | 327 (80.2) | 158 (77.8) | 169 (82.4) | 0.243 ** |
Yes | 81 (19.8) | 45 (22.2) | 36 (17.6) | ||
Brushing frequency | Once a day | 82 (20.1) | 57 (28.0) | 25 (12.2) | 0.001 ** |
At least twice a day | 326 (79.9) | 146 (72.0) | 180 (87.8) | ||
Use of toothpaste | No | 5 (1.3) | 5 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.024 *** |
Yes | 403 (98.7) | 198 (97.6) | 205 (100.0) | ||
OHI-S | Mean ± S.D. | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.001 * |
DMFT | Mean ± S.D. | 5.2 ± 3.1 | 5.9 ± 3.0 | 4.6 ± 3.0 | <0.001 * |
Total (%) n = 408 (100.0) | Rural (%) n = 203 (100.0) | Urban (%) n = 205 (100.0) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pulp involvement (P) | No | 272 (66.6) | 126 (62.0) | 146 (71.2) | 0.050 * |
Yes | 136 (33.4) | 77 (38.0) | 59 (28.8) | ||
Ulceration (U) | No | 405 (99.2) | 200 (98.5) | 205 (100.0) | 0.071 ** |
Yes | 3 (0.8) | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Fistula (F) | No | 318 (77.9) | 142 (69.9) | 176 (85.8) | <0.001 * |
Yes | 90 (22.1) | 61 (30.1) | 29 (14.2) | ||
Abscess (A) | No | 312 (76.4) | 141 (69.5) | 171 (83.4) | 0.001 * |
Yes | 96 (23.6) | 62 (30.5) | 34 (16.5) | ||
CUDC (PUFA) | No | 268 (65.7) | 116 (57.1) | 152 (74.1) | 0.007 * |
Yes | 140 (34.3) | 87 (42.9) | 53 (25.9) |
Total (%) n = 408 | CUDC = 0 (%) n = 268 | CUDC > 0 n = 140 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutritional status | Underweight | 8 (100.0) | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) | 0.212 * |
Normal weight | 209 (100.0) | 134 (64.1) | 75 (35.9) | ||
Overweight | 97 (100.0) | 59 (60.8) | 38 (39.2) | ||
Obesity | 94 (100.0) | 70 (74.4) | 24 (25.6) | ||
Hyposalivation | No | 385 (100.0) | 257 (66.8) | 128 (33.2) | 0.063 ** |
Yes | 23 (100.0) | 11 (47.8) | 12 (52.2) | ||
Own toothbrush | No | 34 (100.0) | 21 (61.7) | 13 (38.3) | 0.615 ** |
Yes | 374 (100.0) | 247 (66.0) | 127 (34.0) | ||
Topical fluoride application | No | 324 (100.0) | 193 (59.6) | 131 (40.4) | <0.001 ** |
Yes | 84 (100.0) | 75 (89.2) | 9 (10.8) |
Variables | Crude OR (CI 95%) | Adjusted OR * (CI 95%) | Age and Sex Adjusted OR (CI 95%) |
---|---|---|---|
Geographic area (reference = urban) | 2.19 (1.42–3.56) | 2.16 (1.39–3.42) | 2.15 (1.38–3.34) |
Hyposalivation (reference = no) | 2.06 (1.24–4.23) | 2.01 (1.19–3.51) | 1.93 (1.11–3.37) |
Application of topical fluoride (reference = no) | 0.18 (0.12–0.52) | 0.16 (0.09–0.46) | 0.15 (0.07–0.32) |
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Jiménez-Núñez, J.C.; González-Aragón Pineda, Á.E.; Vázquez-Ortíz, M.F.; Flores-Preciado, J.C.; Jiménez-Corona, M.E.; Borges-Yáñez, S.A. Consequences of Untreated Dental Caries on Schoolchildren in Mexico State’s Rural and Urban Areas. Dent. J. 2025, 13, 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13080359
Jiménez-Núñez JC, González-Aragón Pineda ÁE, Vázquez-Ortíz MF, Flores-Preciado JC, Jiménez-Corona ME, Borges-Yáñez SA. Consequences of Untreated Dental Caries on Schoolchildren in Mexico State’s Rural and Urban Areas. Dentistry Journal. 2025; 13(8):359. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13080359
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiménez-Núñez, José Cuauhtémoc, Álvaro Edgar González-Aragón Pineda, María Fernanda Vázquez-Ortíz, Julio César Flores-Preciado, María Eugenia Jiménez-Corona, and Socorro Aída Borges-Yáñez. 2025. "Consequences of Untreated Dental Caries on Schoolchildren in Mexico State’s Rural and Urban Areas" Dentistry Journal 13, no. 8: 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13080359
APA StyleJiménez-Núñez, J. C., González-Aragón Pineda, Á. E., Vázquez-Ortíz, M. F., Flores-Preciado, J. C., Jiménez-Corona, M. E., & Borges-Yáñez, S. A. (2025). Consequences of Untreated Dental Caries on Schoolchildren in Mexico State’s Rural and Urban Areas. Dentistry Journal, 13(8), 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13080359