Benefits of Pilates in the Elderly Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Quality Assessement
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. RCT Studies
3.2. Observational or Non-Randomized Studies
4. Meta-Analysis
4.1. Balance
4.2. Strength
4.3. Aerobic Capacity and Aerobic Resistance
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | Author | Title | Subjects/ Group | Objective | Intervention | Outcomes | Results | Conclusion(s) | PEDro Scale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Donath, L.; Roth, R.; Hürlimann, C.; Zahner, L.; Faude, O. (2016) [22] | Pilates vs. Balance Training in Health Community-Dwelling Seniors: a 3-arm, Randomized Controlled Trial | 48 Pil 16 BAL 16 C 16 M/F | Examine the effects of traditional balance training methods vs. Pilates-based training in balance and trunk strength. | PIL: Mat Pilates BAL: Traditional balance training C: No intervention Duration: 8 weeks 2x week 66′ | Freiburg Questionnaire Static Balance Dynamic Balance Perturbing Kneeling Trunk Strength | Substantial positive effects in favor of BAL compared to C were found for the Y balance score (right leg, effect size (d = 0.68; left leg, d = 0.56, trunk extension (d = 0.68 and single leg stance right leg, (d = 0.61;left leg, (d = 0.38. Dynamic (d = 0.32 and isometric (d = 0.15 trunk flexion revealed unclear effects. For the Y-balance score right leg, (d = 0.48, left leg, d = 0.75 and single leg stance right leg, (d = 0.61; left leg, d = 0.67, interestingly, BAL substantially exceeded PIL. PIL vs. CON revealed unclear effects for most parameters (0.05 < d < 0.36). | Mat-based Pilates training did not cause relevant adaptations in trunk strength and balance performance, whereas balance training substantially improved balance and trunk strength. | 4/10 |
2 | Oliveira, L.C.; Oliveira, R.G.; Pires-Oliveira, D.A. (2016) [23] | Comparison between static stretching and Pilates method on the flexibility of older women | 32 16 + 16 F | To compare the effects of static stretching and Pilates on the flexibility of healthy older women, over the age of 60 years | Pilates: Static Stretching: Duration: 12 weeks 2x week 60′ | Movements of the trunk (flexion and extension), hip flexion, and plantar and dorsiflexion of the ankle were performed before and after the intervention, using a fleximeter | The static stretching exercises improved the trunk flexion and hip flexion movements, while the Pilates improved all evaluated movements. However, over time, the groups presented differences only for the trunk extension movement | For some body segments, Pilates may be more effective for improving flexibility in older women compared to static stretching | 7/10 |
3 | Oliveira, L.C.; Pires-Oliveira, D.A.; Prado, R.A.; Oliveira, D.D.; Antônio, T.; Oliveira, R.F.; Oliveira, R.G. (2016) [24] | Effects of Pilates on postural balance and functional autonomy of the elderly: a randomized controlled trial | 24 PA 12 C 12 M/F | To verify the effects of the Pilates method, based on the functional autonomy and postural balance in elderly women. | PA: Pilates apparatus SS: Static Stretching Duration: 8 weeks 2x week 60′ | Battery of tests for functional autonomy of the elderly, the Group of Latin-American Development to the Maturity (GDLAM) protocol, six-minute walk test and static postural balance on a force platform. | The results showed significant results for GE in two tests of functional autonomy and the overall rate of functional autonomy (p < 0.05). Differences for the other tests were not found | The intervention protocol with Pilates, allowed the improvement of functional autonomy in elderly women, not having an effect on the six-minute walk test and the postural balance. | 4/10 |
4 | Ángeles, M.V.; Jiménez, J.M.; Sánchez, J.G.; Juan, F.R. (2016) [25] | Effects of a Pilates-based exercise program on mood states in older adults in Mexico | 20 MP 10 C 10 M/F | Determine the effect of a Pilates-based conditioning program on the mood of the elderly. | MP: Pilates Mat C: No intervention Duration: 12 weeks 3x week 50′ | Profile of Mood States (POMS) | Significative differences in pre- and post- measurements and between groups for Tension (p = 0.001), Fury (p = 0.030), Fatigue (p = 0.002) and total result (p < 0.0001). | Pilates improves some mood variables that may influence the emotional health of the elderly. | 4/10 |
5 | Barker, A.L.; Talevski, J.; Bohensky, M.A.; Brand, C.A.; Cameron, P.A.; Morello, R.T. (2016) [26] | Feasibility of Pilates exercise to decrease falls risk: a pilot randomized controlled trial in community-dwelling older people | 43 PA 18 C 25 M/F | To evaluate the feasibility of Pilates exercise in older people to decrease falls risk and inform a larger trial. | PA: Pilates equipment C: Normal care Duration: 12 weeks 2x week 60′ | Indicators of feasibility including: acceptability (recruitment, retention, intervention adherence and participant experience survey); safety (adverse events); and potential effectiveness (fall, fall injury and injurious fall rates; standing balance; lower limb strength; and flexibility) measured at 12 and 24 weeks. | Standing balance, lower-limb strength and flexibility improved in the Pilates group relative to the control group (p < 0.05). The rate of fall injuries at 24 weeks was 42% lower and injurious fall rates 64% lower in the Pilates group; however, it was not statistically significant (p = 0.347 and p = 0.136). | Pilates exercise is an enjoyable and acceptable form of exercise in community-dwelling older people at risk of falling. An appropriately designed Pilates exercise program appears to improve standing balance and reduce the risk of falls. | 6/10 |
6 | Filho, M.M.; Vianna, J.M.; Venturini, G.O.; Matos, D.G.; Ferreira, M.C. (2016) [27] | Assessment of different exercise programs on muscular strength and functional autonomy in the elderly | 114 STG 22 GG 23 WAG24MP 21 C 24 F | Evaluate different types of physical exercises: strength training, gymnastics, water aerobics, and Pilates and a Control Group on elderly women’s muscular strength and functional autonomy. | STG: Multimuscular varied sessions GG:Multicomponent training (flexibility, strength, balance, agility) WAG:Aerobic and muscular workout MP:Pilates matwork C:No intervention Duration: 24 weeks 3x week 60′ | Anthropometry Body Mass Index (BMI), Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), Physical Fitness battery (Rikli and Jones, 1999). | All exercise modalities were efficient in increasing muscle strength and functional autonomy for the elderly participants in the proposed exercise programs (strength training, gymnastics, water aerobics, and Pilates), reinforcing the importance of an active lifestyle in this population. | Strength training overcame the other modalities about increasing muscle strength and transferring its physical capacity to functional autonomy. | 4/10 |
n | Author | Title | Subjects/ Group | Objective | Intervention | Outcomes | Results | Conclusion(s) | PEDro Scale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 | Gabizon, H.; Press, Y.; Volkov, I.; Melzer, I. (2016) [28] | The Effects of Pilates Training on Balance Control and Self-Reported Health Status in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial | 88 MP44 C 44 M/F | Evaluate the effects of a Pilates-based intervention balance and self-perception of health status. | MP: Floor Pilates C: No intervention Duration: 12 weeks 3x week | Standing upright postural stability, performance-based measures of balance, and self-reported health status were assessed in both groups at baseline and at the end of the intervention period. | Compared with the control group, the Pilates intervention did not improve postural stability, baseline functional measures of balance, or health status | The results suggest that because Pilates training is not task specific, it does not improve balance control or balance function in independent older adults. | 7/10 |
8 | Josephs, S; Pratt, M.L.; Meadows, E.C.; Thurmond, S.; Wagner, A. (2016) [29] | The effectiveness of Pilates on balance and falls in community-dwelling older adults | 24 MP 13 C 11 M/F | Determine whether Pilates is more effective than traditional strength and balance exercises for improving balance measures, balance confidence, and reducing falls in community- dwelling older adults with fall risk. | MP: Pilates Matwork C: Traditional exercises Duration: 12 weeks 2x week 60′ | Timed Up-and-Go test (TUG) Balance Test (FAB) Psychological Questionnaire (ABC) | There was significant improvement in the Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale for both the MP (mean difference = 6.31, p < 0.05) and the Control group (mean difference = 7.45, p = 0.01). The MP also showed significant improvement in the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (mean difference = 10.57, p = 0.008). | Both Pilates and traditional balance programs are effective at improving balance measures in community- dwelling older adults with fall risk, with the Pilates group showing improved balance confidence. | 5/10 |
9 | Pestana, M.S.; Netto, E.M.; Pestana, M.S.; Pestana, V.S.; Schinoni, M.I. (2016) [30] | Pilates versus resistance exercise on the serum levels of hs-CRP, in the abdominal circumference and body mass index (BMI) in elderly individuals | 78 MP 39 RT 39 M/F | Compare the effects of Pilates vs. resistance training on seric levels of highly sensitive C-Protein (PCR-hs), waist perimeter (WP), and body mass index (BMI) in the elderly. | MP: Mat Pilates RT: Resistance training | PCR-hs WP BMI | Mat Pilates reached reductions in the seric levels of PCR-hs (Wilcoxon signed rank; z = −2.466, p = 0.01), on BMI (Wilcoxon signed rank; z = −3.295, p = 0.001), and in WP (Wilcoxon signed rank;. z = −3.398, p = 0.01). MP also obtained a significant reduction in the seric levels of PCR-hs and in the anthropometric measurements. | Pilates is more effective than resistance training in the reduction in waist perimeter and body mass index. | 4/10 |
10 | Roh, S; Yoon, S.Y.; Kim, J.N.; Lim, H.S. (2016) [31] | Effects of modified Pilates on variability of inter-joint coordination during walking in the elderly | 20 MP 10 C 10 M/F | Examine the effects of an 8-week modified Pilates program on the vari- ability of inter-joint coordination in the elderly during walking. | MP: Pilates Matwork C: No intervention Duration: 12 weeks 2x week 60′ | Three-dimensional motion analysis was performed on both groups to evaluate the effects of the Pilates exercise, calculating the continuous relative phase (CRP). | There was no significant difference in the joint variability of the ankle, knee, and hip joints between the groups, both before training and after training. There was a significant increase in the hip-knee deviation phase value in the MP and this increase was also significant when compared with that in the control group. | The 8-week modified Pilates exercise program can have a positive impact on the gait of elderly participants, potentially by enhancing neuromuscular adjustment, which may have positive implications for reducing their fall risk. | 5/10 |
11 | Badiei, M.; Shahboulaghi, F.M.; Hosseini, M.; Noroozi, M.; Nazari, S. (2017) [32] | Effect of Pilates Exercise on Fear of Falling in Iranian Elderly Women | 44 MP 22 C 22 F | Determine the effect of Pilates exercise on Fear of Falling (FOF) among elderly women. | MP: Pilates Matwork C: Normal stretching training Duration: 8 weeks 3x week 60′ | Data were gathered by using demographic questionnaire and Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). | FES-I scores in Pilates group improved from 32.90 to 22.18 (MD = 10.72) after the intervention. According to the independent t-test, there was a significant difference in the means of post-intervention FES-I scores between the two groups (p < 0.001). In the Pilates group, the effect size of intervention was much more than the control group (ES = 0.89). | Pilates training could decrease the FOF and may thus be implemented as an effective interventional method for fall prevention in elderly women. | 6/10 |
12 | Carvalho, F.T.; Mesquita, L.A.; Pereira, R.; Neto, O.P.; Zangaro, R.A. (2017) [33] | Pilates and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Methods Induce Similar Strength Gains but Different Neuromuscular Adaptations in Elderly Women | 60 MP 20 PNF 20 C 20 F | To compare the influence of a training period with Pilates and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) methods on strength gains and motor control adaptations during voluntary contraction, applied to a group of elderly women. | MP: Pilates Matwork PNF: PNF training Duration: 4 weeks 3x week 50′ | Isometric Force Acquisition EMG Measurement Fluctuations in Motor Output | One-way analysis of variance indicated no differences among groups for all variables (i.e., isometric force, force fluctuation, and force and EMG spectral features) at pre-training moment (p > 0.05). Isometric muscle force from knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF) showed significant main effect for groups (F2,56 = 6.77, p = 0.002 from KE; F2,56 = 3.72, p = 0.03 from KF), for measure (F1,56 = 23.08, p < 0.0001 from KE; F1,56 = 21.23, p < 0.0001 from KF), and a significant Group × Measure interaction (F2,56 = 19.97, p < 0.0001 from KE; F2,56 = 6.65, p = 0.003 from KF). | These results support use of both Pilates and PNF methods to enhance lower limb muscle strength in older groups, which is very important for gait, postural stability, and performance of daily life activities. | 5/10 |
n | Author | Title | Subjects/ Group | Objective | Intervention | Outcomes | Results | Conclusion(s) | PEDro Scale |
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13 | Jurakic, Z.G.; Krizanic, V.; Sarabon, N.; Markovic, G. (2017) [34] | Effects of feedback-based balance and core resistance training vs. Pilates training on cognitive functions in older women with mild cognitive impairment: a pilot randomized controlled trial | 28 MP 14 CRT14 F | Provide preliminary evidence on the effects of two types of non-aerobic training on cognitive functions in older women suffering from MCI (mild cognitive impairment). | MP:Pilates Matwork CRT:Core Resistance Training Duration: 8 weeks 3x week 60′ | Assessing tool MCI: MoCA | CRT group obtained significant improvements in score of visuospatial/executive functions and orientation as well as global score compared with MP. Significant improvement in short-term memory-recall task was obtained only in the MP. | Non-aerobic training should be further explored as a beneficial intervention for older adults suffering from MCI. | 5/10 |
14 | Oliveira, L.C.; Pires-Oliveira, D.A.; Abucarub, A.C.; Oliveira, L.S.; Oliveira, R.G. (2017) [35] | Pilates increases isokinetic muscular strength of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles of older women: A randomized controlled clinical trial | 30 PA 15 C 15 M/F | Verify the influence of Pilates in the isokinetic strength of the elbow extensors and flexors, as well as upper limb functionality | PA: Pilates apparatus C: Maintenance of routines Duration: 12 weeks 2x week 60′ | Elbow extensor and flexor strength (dynamometer) Functional test (dress and undress a t-shirt) | In the intra-group comparison, the PA improved strength of the elbow extensors and the functionality of the upper limbs (p < 0.05). When comparing the post-intervention moment, the PA was superior to the C in all variables (p < 0.05), with a large effect size (d > 0.80). | It was observed that the Pilates method can contribute to improving the isokinetic muscular strength of the elbow flexors and extensors, as well as the functionality of the upper limbs. | 8/10 |
15 | Oliveira, L.C.; Oliveira, R.G.; Pires-Oliveira, D.A. (2017) [36] | Pilates increases isokinetic muscular strength of the knee flexor and extensor muscles of older women | 32 PA 16 SS 16 F | Verify the influence of Pilates in the isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and flexors at 60°. | PA: Pilates apparatus SS: static stretching Duration: 12 weeks 2x week 60′ | Knee extensor and flexor strength (dynamometer) | The SS presented a significant improvement (p < 0.01) in all tests performed, when comparing the pre- and post-intervention (intragroup) (Cohen’s d = 2.03 and 1.33 for the knee flexor and extensor muscles, respectively). Comparing the C and SS (intergroup), post-intervention, a significant improvement was observed (p < 0.01) in favor of the SS for all variables (Cohen’s d = 1.59 and 1.15 for the knee flexor and extensor muscles, respectively. | The results indicated that 12 weeks of Pilates increases the isokinetic muscular strength of the knee extensors and flexors in elderly women and can be considered for this purpose when prescribing physical exercise programs. | 8/10 |
16 | Sofianidis, G; Dimitriou, A.; Hatzitaki, V. (2017) [37] | A Comparative Study of the Effects of Pilates and Latin Dance on Static and Dynamic Balance in Older Adults | 36 MP 12 LD 12 C 12 M/F | Compare the efficiency of Pilates intervention and Latin Dances in static and dynamic balance of the elderly. | MP: Mat Pilates LD: Latin Dances C: No intervention Duration: 12 weeks 2x week 60′ | Center of Pressure (CoP) Trunk Angular Variability “Two-Leg Tandem Stance” with eyes open and closed “One Leg Stance” (OLS) with the eyes open Dynamic balance “Periodic balance” with and without guiding sound | The results of trunk swinging during the “Two-Leg Tandem Stance” with eyes closed, reduction on CoP displacement during the “One leg Stance” and the increase in trunk oscilation in the trunk swinging test for both intervention groups. | Both programs had a positive effect in the static and dynamic balance-related variables. LD appears to be better for people with rhythm perception and sensorimotor control. On the other hand, Pilates appears to be more effective for people with trunk control problems, as it improves core stability. | 4/10 |
17 | Vieira, N.D.; Testa, D.; Ruas, P.C.; Salvini, T.F.; Catai, A.M.; Melo, R.C. (2017) [38] | The effects of 12 weeks Pilates-inspired exercise training on functional performance in older women: A randomized clinical trial | 40 MP 21 C 19 F | Investigate the effects of a 12-week Pilates-inspired program in the functional performance of elderly people in nursing homes. | MP:Mat Pilates C:No intervention Duration: 12 weeks 2x week 60′ | (OLS) Timed Up-and-Go Test (TUG) five-time-sit-to-stand (STS) 6 min walk (6 MW) | After the intervention, significant differences were found in the time to complete the tasks: STS (p = 0.03) e 6 MW (p < 0.01). Only the MP improved the STS (p = 0.02) and the 6 MW test (p < 0.01). | Pilates-based exercises improve balance, lower limb strength and aerobic resistance in elderly ladies in nursing homes. | 5/10 |
18 | Alvarenga, G.M.; Charkovsky, S.A.; Santos, L.K.; Silva, M.B.; Tomaz, G.O.; Gamba, H.R. (2018) [39] | The influence of inspiratory muscle training combined with the Pilates method on lung function in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial | 31 MP + TI 11 PA 11 C 9 F | Assess the influence of inspiratory muscle training combined with Pilates in the pulmonar function of elderly women. | MP + TI (Pilates Group + Inspiratory training) PA: Pilates Apparatus C: No intervention Duration: 2x week 45′ 10 weeks | Spirometry manuvacuometry 6 min test Curl-Up Test Pulmonary variables | Improvements in the strength of muscles in maximal inhalation and in pressure and power (p < 0.0001), in the muscular strength on maximal exhalation (p < 0.0014), in the performance of the 6 min test (p < 0.01), and in the Curl-Up test (p < 0.00001). | Pilates combined with technological equipment that allows the analysis, treatment, and training of the pulmonar function showed efficacy in this type of application. | 5/10 |
n | Author | Title | Subjects/ Group | Objective | Intervention | Outcomes | Results | Conclusion(s) | PEDro Scale |
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19 | Curi, V.S.; Haas, A.N.; Alves-Vilaça, J.; Fernandes, H.M. (2018) [40] | Effects of 16-weeks of Pilates on functional autonomy and life satisfaction among elderly women | 61 MP 31 C 30 F | Determine the effects of Mat Pilates on the functional autonomy and life satisfaction of the elderly. | MP: Mat Pilates C: No intervention Duration: 16 weeks 2x week 60′ | Rikli and Jones Protocol (2002) Satisfaction with life | Statistically significant differences were found in all parameters: lower limb strength and flexibility, upper limb strength and flexibility, dynamic balance, aerobic resistance, and satisfaction with life. | Functional autonomy and satisfaction with life were improved with the intervention, suggesting that Pilates helps in active ageing. | 5/10 |
20 | Curi, V.S.; Haas, A.N.; Alves-Vilaça, J.; Fernandes, H.M. (2018) [41] | Effects of 16-weeks of Pilates on health perception and sleep quality among elderly women | 61 MP 31 C 30 F | Determine the effects of Mat Pilates on the perception and sleep quality of elderly. | MP: Mat Pilates C: No intervention Duration: 16 weeks 2x week 60′ | General Health Questionnaire (GHQ−12) Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-BR) | Statistically significant differences were found in the following parameters: GHQ−12 total score (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.19) Depression sub-scale (p < 0.002, η2 = 0.15) Social disfunction Sub-scale (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.18) PSQI-BR total score (p < 0.017, η2 = 0.09) sleep latency (p < 0.023, η2 = 0.09) and Use of medication sub-scale (p < 0.019, η2 = 0.09) | Health perception and other sleep quality parameters improved with Pilates. | 5/10 |
21 | Roller, M.; Kachingwe, A.; Beling, J.; Ickes, D.; Cabot, A.; Shrier, G. (2018) [42] | Pilates Reformer exercises for fall risk reduction in older adults: A randomized controlled trial | 57 PA 27 C 28 M/F | Investigate the effects of Pilates using a Reformer in the fall risk, balance and mobility, self-efficacy, and active range of motion. | PA: Pilates in the Reformer C: no intervention Duration: 10 weeks 1x week 45′ | Balance: “Sensory Organization Test and Adaptation Test” (SOT) and (ADT) “Timed Up-and-Go Test” (TUG) “Berg Balance Scale” (BBS) “Ten-meter walk test” (10 MTW) “Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale” (ABC) Active range of motion: Straight Leg Raise (SLR) Hip Extension (HE) Ankle Dorsiflexion (AD) | An interaction between group and time in TUG, BBS, 10 MWT and SLR, HE, and AD. With time, PA significantly improved in all balance measurements (p ≤ 0.005). Improvements in active range of motion were found after the intervention for SLR (left) and AD (right). | Pilates Reformer done once per week for 10 weeks resulted in fall-risk reduction and significant improvements in the dynamic and static balance, functional mobility, self efficacy in balance and in lower limb range of motion. Pilates Reformer exercises are more effective than no exercises for improvements in the hip and ankle range of motion≥. | 6/10 |
22 | Tozim, B.M.; Navega, M.T. (2018) [43] | Effect of Pilates method on inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength in the elderly | 31 MP 14 C 17 F | Analyse the influence of Pilates on respiratory strength in the elderly. | MP: Pilates matwork C: Educational sessions Duration: 8 weeks 2x week 60′ | Maximal inspiratory Force (Pimax) Maximal expiratory Force (Pemax) | Significant differences were found with average effect size for the strength of the expiratory muscles in the MP when comparing pre- and post- (p < 0.05) intervention (69.71 ± 25.48 e 85.23 ± 22.21, respectively). | Pilates is effective in the improvement of expiratory muscle strength and presents a positive effect on the increase in the inspiratory muscle strength. | 5/10 |
23 | Aibar-Almazán, A.; Martínez-Amat, A.; Cruz-Díaz, D.; Torre-Cruz, M.J.; Jiménez-Garcia, J.D.; Zagalaz-Anula, N; Pérez-Herrezuelo, I.; Hita-Contreras, F. (2019) [44] | Effects of Pilates on fall risk factors in community-dwelling elderly women: a randomized, controlled trial | 110 MP 55 C 52 F | Analyse the effect of Pilates on the confidence of balance, fear of falling, and postural control. | MP: 1x week 60′ C: No intervention Duration.12 weeks | Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) Activity-specific balance confidence scale (ABS) Stabilizing platform | MP presents higher values in the confidence of balance when compared with the C (77.52 ± 18.27 vs. 72.35 ± 16.39, Cohen’s d = 0.030), as well as in fear of falling (22.07 ± 5.73 vs. 27.9 ± 6.95, Cohen’s d = 0.041). MP significantly improved the speed and antero-posterior movements of the center of pressure with both open and closed eyes (Cohen’s d = 0.44 e 0.35, respectively). | A 12-week Pilates intervention is beneficial for the confidence in balance, fear of falling, and postural stability in elderly women. | 8/10 |
24 | Liposcki, D.B.; Nagata, I.S.; Silvano, G.A.; Zanella, K.; Schneider, R.H. (2019) [45] | Influence of a Pilates exercise program on the quality of life of sedentary elderly people: A randomized clinical trial | 24 PA 9 C 11 F | Assess the influence of Pilates on quality of life of sedentary elderly people. | PA: Pilates Group: Mat and apparatus C (Control): Normal routine Duration: 6 months 2 x week 30′ | QOL SF−36 | MP improved in 7 of the 8 domains of this study: functional capacity(91.6 ± 14.3 vs. 62.6 ± 24.4; p ≤ 0.01); physical aspect (92.7 ± 14.8 vs. 52.2 ± 43.9; p = 0.03); pain (95.7 ± 6.9 vs. 52.2 ± 17.5; p ≤ 0.01); General health status (89.4 ± 11.2 vs. 76.7 ± 16.3; p = 0.04); Vitality (85.5 ± 13.5 vs. 70.0 ± 14.9; p = 0.04); Social aspects (97.2 ± 8.3 vs. 77.9 ± 23.9; p = 0.03); and mental health (77.52 ± 18.27 vs. 72.35 ± 16.39; p = 0.05). | Results show that implementing a Pilates program may improve the quality of life of sedentary elderly people. | 4/10 |
n | Author | Title | Subjects/ Group | Objective | Intervention | Outcomes | Results | Conclusion(s) | PEDro Scale |
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25 | García-Garro, p.A.; Hita-Contreras, F.; Martínez-Amat, A.; Achalandabaso-Ochoa, A.; Jiménez-García, J.D.; Cruz-Díaz, D.; Aibar-Almazán, A. (2020) [8] | Effectiveness of A Pilates Training Program on Cognitive and Functional Abilities in Postmenopausal Women | 110 MP 55 C 55 F | To determine the effects of a Pilates exercises program on the cognitive and physical functioning of older Spanish women. | MP: Pilates-based matwork C: No intervention Duration: 12 weeks 2x week 60′ | Global cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination), verbal fluency (Isaacs test), executive function (Trail Making Test), functional flexibility (Back Scratch Test and Chair Sit-and-Reach Test), and lower-body strength (30 s Chair-Stand Test) | The main findings of this study suggest that women in the MP (within-group differences) experienced improvements across all the variables examined except for global cognitive function. When compared with the C (between-group differences), our analysis revealed significant benefits in the MP for all measures except for global cognitive function and functional flexibility (Back Scratch Test). | The results suggest that Pilates has the potential to improve both cognitive and functional abilities among Spanish women aged 60 years and over. | 8/10 |
26 | Lima, M.; Silva, B.; Rocha-Rodrigues, S.; Bezerra, P. (2021) [3] | The impact of an 8-week Pilates-based physical training program on functional mobility: data from a septuagenarian group | 20 MP 10 C 10 M/F | Assess the effects of a Pilates program on functional mobility and strength of elderly in nursing homes. | MP: Mat Pilates C: No intervention Duration: 8 weeks 2x week 60′ | Anthropometric measurements: Weight, height, BMI, waist perimeter, thigh perimeter Strength tests (upper and lower limbs) 6 min walk test Balance test (OLS with open and closed eyes) Functional Mobility (TUG) | MP obtained higher results for lower limb strength (p = 0.013; d = 0.56) and for the 6 min walk test (p = 0.04; d = 0.45) when compared to the Control Group (C). MP also obtained better results in the “OLS” and “TUG” tests. Significant correlations were found between strength and cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.01, r = 0.62), between cardiorespiratory fitness, and “OLS”, eyes closed and both lower limbs (p = 0.04, r = 0.45; p = 0.05, r = 0.45), respectively. | 8 weeks of Pilates improved strength and functional mobility in elderly people living in nursing homes. | 6/10 |
27 | Buttelli, A.K.; Costa, R.R.; Farinha, J.B.; Fagundes, A.O.; Vieira, A.F.; Barroso, B.M.; Bracht, C.G.; Coconcelli, L.; Reichert, T.; Rocha, V.B.; Kruel, L.M. (2021) [46] | Pilates training improves aerobic capacity, but not lipid or lipoprotein levels in elderly women with dyslipidemia: A controlled trial | 26 MP 20 C 6 | To verify the effects of Pilates training on total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), glucose, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, as well as on functionality of postmenopausal women with dyslipidemia. | MP: Pilates-based matwork C: No intervention Duration: 10 weeks 2 to 4 x week 45 to 55′ | Biochemical analyses and functionality parameters were measured before and after the 10 weeks. | No significant differences were observed in TC, TG, LDL, and HDL for both groups. Regarding glucose and CRP levels, significant reductions were observed in both groups after the intervention period. In functional parameters, both groups significantly increased their 30 s chair stand test values. On the other hand, only the Pilates group presented significant increments in the 6 min walk test (p < 0.05). | Pilates training did not change lipid or lipoprotein levels, but improved the cardiorespiratory fitness of elderly women with dyslipidemia, | 4/10 |
28 | Dlugosz-Boś, M.; Filar-Mierzwa, K.; Stawarz, R.; Ścislowska-Czarnecka, A.; Jankowicz-Szymańska, A.; Bac, A. (2021) [2] | Effect of Three Months Pilates Training on Balance and Fall Risk in Older Women | 50 MP 30 C 20 F | To assess the effect of Pilates exercises on balance and fall risk in older women. | MP: Pilates-based matwork C: No intervention Duration: 12 weeks 2x week 45′ | Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) OLST Freestep baropodometric platform and Biosway platform | After intervention, significantly decreased values of the surface of the ellipse (p = 0.0037) and mean values of velocity (p = 0.0262) for the right foot in the experimental group were observed. The Limits of Stability (LoS) test (p = 0.005) and the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance (m-CTSIB) performed on an unstable surface with eyes closed (p = 0.0409) indicated statistically significant changes in the experimental group. | Pilates training affected the participants’ balance by improving LoS and reducing fall risk. | 4/10 |
29 | Patti, A.; Zangla, D.; Sahin, F.N.; Cataldi, S.; Lavanco, G.; Palma, A.; Fischietti, F. (2021) [47] | Physical exercise and prevention of falls. Effects of a Pilates training method compared with a general physical activity program A randomized controlled trial | 41 MP 18 PAG 23 M/F | To compare a general physical activity program for the elderly with a Pilates program to evaluate the effects on balance and on reducing the risk of falling. | MP: Pilates-based matwork PAG: Non-specific program of physical activity Duration: 13 weeks 3x week 50′ | Handgrip test Berg balance scale test (BBS) and posturographic analysis | Spearman correlation coefficient showed correlations between the following parameters: BBS versus handgrip test (r = 0.68); BBS versus ellipse surface area (r = 0.75). There were significant differences between groups after the exercise program: both groups showed an improvement in performance but the MP recorded significantly better results than the PAG. | Physical activity improves both balance and strength. However, the data show that Pilates has a greater effect on these physical abilities than a general physical activity program. | 7/10 |
30 | Pucci G.F.; Neves, E.B.; Santana, F.S.; Neves, D.A.; Saavedra, F.F. (2021) [5] | Comparative analysis of pilates and resistance trianing in physical fitness of the elderly | 25 MP 7 TR 6 GLC 12 F | Assess the effects of two exercise interventions (resistance training and Pilates) in the elderly. | MP: Mat Pilates TR: Resistance training GLC: games, memory exercises, motor coordination exercises. Duration: 24 Weeks 2x Week 60′ | Senior Fitness Test—Test battery for physical fitness in the elderly (strength, aerobic resistance, flexibility, dynamic balance, agility and Body Mass Index) | There was a significant increase for the MP and TR groups in the forearm flexion test pre- and post-intervention. The TR group also showed an increasing the handgrip test, particularly between week 12 and 24. | Pilates and resistance training contributed to a significant increase in the strength of elderly. | 5/10 |
n | Author | Title | Subjects/ Group | Objective | Intervention | Outcomes | Results | Conclusion(s) |
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1 | Queiroz, L.S.; Bertolini, S.G.; Benneman, R.M.; Silva, E.S. (2016) [48] | The effect Mat Pilates practice on muscle mass in elderly women | MPA 43 F | To verify that the Mat Pilates practice increases muscle mass in elderly women. | MP: Pilates Mat and Apparatus Duration: 12 weeks 3x week 40′ | Evaluation of arm muscle area before and after intervention Tricep skinfold | Statistically significant difference was observed (p < 0.002) between the average value of the arm muscle area, before (35.56 cm2) and after the exercises. (42.72 cm2) | Mat Pilates program generates positive effect on increasing the muscle mass of the elderly. |
2 | Roh, S.Y. (2016) [49] | Effects of a 16-week Pilates exercise program on the ego resiliency and depression in elderly women | 148 F | Study the effects of a 16-week Pilates program on self-resilience and depression of elderly women. | Mat Pilates Duration: 16 weeks’ 3x week 50′ | Self-Resilience questionnaire (Klohnen 1996) “Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form” (Sheikh and Yesavage 1986) | All sub variables of self-resilience obtained a significantly higher score after the intervention: self-confidence (t = 7770, p < 0.001), efficiency of communication (t = 2690, p < 0.001), Optimistic trait (t = 1996, p < 0.05) and anger management (t = 4525, p < 0.001). Regarding the Geriatric Depression Scale, the values were significantly lower after the intervention (t = −6506, p < 0.001) | Pilates helped participants improve their self-resilience and relieved their levels of depression. |
3 | Roh, S.Y. (2016) [50] | Effects of a 12-week Pilates exercise program on wellness in elderly | 88 | Examine the efficiency of a 12-week Pilates program for the elderly. | Mat Pilates Duration: 12 weeks 3x week 50′ | Well-being Questionnaire | After 12 weeks of practice, participants felt significant improvements in the various domains in the questionnaire: physical, (t = 2762, p < 0.01), social (t = 3362, p < 0.001), spiritual (t = 2307, p < 0.05), and emotional well-being (t = 2489, p < 0.05). | Pilates helped improve the well-being of the elderly. |
4 | Hwang, Y.; Park, J.; and Lim, K. (2016) [51] | Effects of Pilates Exercise on Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A Levels in Older Women | 12 MP 6 C 6 F | Examine the effects of a Pilates program on the immune function of older women. | MP: Pilates Matwork C: No workout Duration: 12 weeks 3x week 50′ | Aerobic Power (Astrand) Salivary secretions Questionnaire about colds and respiratory ilnessess | Salivary flow was significantly higher in the MP than in the C. After the acute high-intensity exercises were performed following the three-month Pilates exercise program, the salivary flow rate was significantly higher at all time points. The S-IgA secretion rate significantly increased 30 min after acute high-intensity exercise performed following the three-month Pilates exercise program. | Regular participation in a moderate-intensity Pilates exercise program can increase salivary flow rate and S-IgA secretion in older women. |
5 | Bertoli, J.; Biduski, G.M.; Freitas, C.R. (2017) [52] | Six weeks of Mat Pilates training are enough to improve functional capacity in elderly women | MP 18 F | Assess the effects of Mat Pilates on the functional capacity of elderly women. | MP: Mat Pilates Duration: 6 weeks 3x week 60′ | Timed Up-and-Go Test Time Up Stairs Time Down Stairs 30 s Chair Stand Chair sit-and-reach Back Scratch | All tests showed a significant improvement after the intervention: Timed Up-and-Go Test 5.28 ± 0.11 and 4.86 ± 0.09; p = 0.009 Timed Up Stairs 3.04 ± 0.10 and 2.71 ± 0.07; p = 0.009 Timed Down Stairs 2.92 ± 0.14 and 2.56 ± 0.15; p = 0.001 30 s Chair Stand 15 ± 0.05 and 16 ± 0.52; p = 0.001 Chair sit-and-reach 7.14 ± 2.80 and 15.16 ± 3.05; p = 0.001 Back Scratch −2.33 ± 2.79 and −0.82 ± 2.56; p = 0.001. | There was a significant improvement of the functional capacity of the elderly women after the intervention. |
6 | Bertoli, J.; Pupo, J.; Vaz, M.A.; Detanico, D.; Biduski, G.M.; Freitas, C.R. (2018) [53] | Effects of Mat Pilates on hip and knee isokinetic torque parameters in elderly women | MP 42 F | Analyse the effects of Mat Pilates on the isokinetic strength of the lower limbs in elderly women. | MP: Mat Pilates Duration: 12 weeks 3x week 60′ | Isokinetic Dynamometer | Mat Pilates produces improvements in knee flexors strength and in hip flexors, and extersors maximum strength (6 weeks). Improvements in maximum strength and mechanical work of the knee extensors and hip flexors and extensors were also verified after the 12-week intervention. | Pilates training periodization induces significant improvements in isokinetic strength. |
7 | Mello, N.F.; Costa, D.L.; Vasconcellos, S.V.; Lensen, C.M.; Corazza, S.T. (2018) [54] | Contemporary Pilates in physical fitness, cognition and quality of life in the elderly | 16 MP 8 C 8 M/F | To evaluate the effects of the contemporary Pilates method on the physical fitness, cognition, and quality of life of the elderly. | MP: Pilates Matwork C: No intervention Duration: 15 weeks 2x week 60′ | The Senior Fitness Test battery (SFT), the Vienna Test System and the EUROHIS QOL−8 quality-of-life questionnaire were used. | Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the variables: lower and upper extremity flexibility test (p = 0.007), agility (p = 0.001) and dynamic balance (p = 0.001), aerobic endurance test (p = 0.001) and Attention and concentration test time (p = 0.047) | The contemporary Pilates method improves the health of the elderly, thereby helping to promote quality of life. |
8 | Scherf, B.G.; Guadagnin, E.C.; Tier, C.G.; De Almeida Dias, S.L. (2019) [55] | Effect of a Mat Pilates protocol on fall risk in elderly women. | MP 16 F | To verify if a short-term Mat Pilates protocol is effective in reducing fall risk in elderly women. | MP: Mat Pilates Duration: 5 weeks 2x week 60′ | Sharp Romberg Test Berg Balance Scale (BBS) 30 s sit-to-stand testTimed Up-and-Go test (TUG) Gait Kinematic assessment | Significant improvements in strength, static, and dynamic balance, functional mobility, gait speed, and step length were verified. | A short term Mat Pilates protocol, may be an efficient alternative to reduce fall risk in the elderly population. |
9 | Bueno, J.A.; Alves, R.G.; Smoralek, A.C.; Junior, T.S. (2019) [56] | Haemodynamic and perceptual behaviour in elderly women subjected to one session of different Pilates protocols. | 19 PA 10 MP 9 F | Verify the haemodynamic behaviour and compare the physiological response and safety of two Pilates protocols (mat and apparatus) in elderly women. | PA: Pilates Apparatus MP: Mat Pilates | Heart Rate (HR) Blood Pressure (BP) Perceived Exhersion (PE) Double product, calculated as follows: HR.mmHg.bpm Scale of Perceived Exhertion (OMNI-RES) | Diastolic pressure during recovery after 60 min increased 10 bpm (p < 0.04), as well as lower HR for the PA during recovery HR (10 min) (p < 0.03) and post-recovery (30 min) (p < 0.03). For both groups, the results of the acute session did not show abnormalities in the double product, with minimum PA and MP values of 9.820 and 8.740 mmHg.bpm and maximum values of 13.824 and 11.771 mmHg.bpm, respectively. The average was very close between both groups: PA 11.416 and MP 10.105 mmHg.bpm, respectively. | Both protocols appear to be safe and efficient for normotensive elderly women. |
10 | Nascimento, M.M.; Pereira, L.D.; Júnior, E.C.; Castro, H.G.; Appell, H.J. (2019) [57] | Assess the exteroceptive and interoceptive regulation of body balance in active elderly women | 32 MP1 8 MP2 8 MP3 8 MP4 8 F | To evaluate the balance performance of a group of physically active elderly women, with emphasis on the regulation of the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems of the static and dynamic balance, as well as their performance in gait tests and flexibility. | MP1: Pilates matwork (60–64 years old) MP2: Pilates matwork (65–69 years old) MP3: Pilates matwork (70–74 years old) MP4: Pilates matwork (75–79 years old) Duration: 2x week 60′ | Berg Balance Scale (BBS) Timed Up-and-Go Test (TUG) Functional Reach Test (TAF), and Body Balance Test (TEC) | BBS attained a conserved equilibrium [F(3.29) = 1.766, p ≥ 0.50], the TUG for preserved functional independence [F(3.29) = 0.418; p ≥ 0.50], and TAF without risk of falls. [F(3,20) = 2228; p ≥ 0.50]. The TEC identified deficit of interoceptive regulation of balance for all ages and compromise of interoceptive regulation of dynamic balance for septuagenarians [F(3,29) = 0.301; p ≥ 0.50]. A moderate correlation was observed between BBS-TEC (r = 0.416, p = 0.018), TEC-TUG (r = −345, p = 0.013) and negative between BBS-TUG (r = −0.427, p = 0.013). The TAF did not prove to be equivalent to the other instruments. | Sexagenarian and septuagenarian women, regular physical exercise practitioners, despite indicating good performance in tests of balance, gait and flexibility, presented impairment of the systems of sensorial regulation of the static and dynamic balance |
11 | Machado, O.S.; Campos, S.P.; Killian, L.F.; Machado, G.C.; Gianolla, F. (2020) [58] | Effect of a single exercise session on blood glucose and blood pressure in elderly | 30 AE 6 RT 6 F 6 MP 6 C 6 M/F | To analyse the acute effect of exercise on post-exercise hypotension (PEH) and blood glucose in the elderly. | AE (Aquatic Exercise) RT (Resist. Training) F (Functional/ Weight-bearing Training) MP (Pilates) C (No intervention) Duration: 26 weeks 3x week 60′ | Blood glucose was recorded 15 min before the beginning of the exercise session and 30 min after the end of it | RT (systolic PEH and blood glucose) and the AE (diastolic PEH) were able to promote the most significant reductions when compared to other modalities. | RT and AE were preferentially recommended for the elderly population with characteristics close to the sample used in this research. |
12 | Choi, W.; Joo, Y.; Lee, S. (2021) [59] | Pilates exercise focused on ankle movements for improving gait ability in older women | MP 22 F | To determine whether Pilates exercise can improve gait, muscle strength, and mobility in community- dwelling older women | MP: Pilates matwork | Weight BMI Skeletal Muscle Mass Body Fat Percentage Waist-Hip ratio Gait: Speed Cadence Step length Stride length Bilateral Handgrip Strength 30 s chair sit-to-stand test Abdominal Strength Manual Muscle test of ankle dorsiflexors and plantar flexors | Significant improvements were observed in the spatial gait parameters, muscle strength, and range of motion of ankle (p < 0.05). | Pilates exercise is beneficial exercise to improve gait, muscle strength, and mobility in community-dwelling older women. |
13 | Villarreal-Angeles, M.A.; Moncada-Jiménez, J; Ruiz-Juan, F. (2021) [9] | Improvement of psychological variables through Pilates in the elderly | 20 MP 10 C 10 F | Determine the effect of a Pilates program on psychological variables in the elderly. | MP: Mat Pilates C: No intervention Duration: 12 Weeks 3x week 50′ | WHOQOL−100 Questionnaire | A significant interaction (p < 0.05) between pre- and post-intervention, and between groups (MP e C) was verified in the following dimensions: physical health, social relationships, and psychological aspects. | A 12-week Pilates training program allows the improvement of psychological variables relevant for the elderly person’s good health. |
14 | Mueller, D.; Redkva, P.E.; Borba, E.F.; Barbosa, S.C.; Krause, M.P.; Silva, S.G. (2021) [60] | Effect of Mat vs. apparatus pilates training on the functional capacity of elderly women | 48 PA 15 MP 16 C 17 F | Compare mat Pilates and apparatus Pilates on the functional capacilty of elderly women. | PA: Apparatus Pilates MP: Mat Pilates C:No Pilates Duration: 8 Weeks 2x week 50′ | Senior Fitness Tests (SFT) | Both Pilates interventions obtained improvements in strength and flexibility of lower and upper limbs, as well as aerobic fitness and agility. | Apparatus and mat Pilates offer similar significant improvements in the functional capacity of elderly women. |
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Pereira, M.J.; Mendes, R.; Mendes, R.S.; Martins, F.; Gomes, R.; Gama, J.; Dias, G.; Castro, M.A. Benefits of Pilates in the Elderly Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2022, 12, 236-268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12030018
Pereira MJ, Mendes R, Mendes RS, Martins F, Gomes R, Gama J, Dias G, Castro MA. Benefits of Pilates in the Elderly Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2022; 12(3):236-268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12030018
Chicago/Turabian StylePereira, Mário José, Rodrigo Mendes, Rui Sousa Mendes, Fernando Martins, Ricardo Gomes, José Gama, Gonçalo Dias, and Maria António Castro. 2022. "Benefits of Pilates in the Elderly Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 12, no. 3: 236-268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12030018