Risk Perception and Ethnic Background in Construction Workers: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in a Group of Trainees of a Vocational School in Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Literature Review, Hypothesis Development and Objectives of the Study
- Perceived behavioral control (PBC), according to the theory of planned behavior [26]: this dimension indicates a measure of the perceived grade of difficulty attributed by a person to the decision of taking a specific action in order to obtain a specific result (i.e., problems experienced by construction workers in terms of complying with the safety rules at work).
- Danger perception (DP), that is a measure of the perceived level of consciousness in recognizing a job as intrinsically dangerous. This reflects the fact that construction sector can be considered as intrinsically dangerous, with several occupational risks of higher levels compared to other sectors.
- Safety climate (SC), representing the way by with safety rules are interiorized in the organizations, and, accordingly, perceived by the workers through their relations with colleagues and supervisors, in the same way as “subjective norms” are defined in the theory of planned behavior [26]. Safety climate can be influenced by the actions of other people inside the work team, in particular if they share the same socio-cultural background.
- Attitude towards safe actions (ATSA), a dimension designed according to the three components of attitudes identified in 1960 by Rosenberg and Hovland [27]: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Accordingly, workers may act, or not act, in terms of safety behaviors, depending on their beliefs, emotions and personal leanings.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Data Collection
2.2. The Questionnaire
2.3. Data Analysis and Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Study Population
- Eastern Europe (Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, and Romania), n = 80, 14.2%;
- Balkans (Albania, Croatia, Kosovo, and Serbia), n = 53, 9.4%;
- North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia), n = 22, 3.9%.
3.2. Results of the Analysis of the Four Dimensions of Risk Perception in Construction Workers
- According to the “Perceived Behavioral Control” dimension, the participants indicated quite high score, representative of a lower perception of control, mainly attributable to the haste in performing the job, as a consequence of supervisors’ pressure, but also to the fear of losing the job and to the tiredness cause by the work.
- Considering the dimension “Danger perception”, the responders indicated to perceive their specific job tasks as riskier compared to the tasks carried out by other colleagues and superiors, but in general they do not judge the work activities in the construction sector to be particularly dangerous, excluding the possibility of serious harms.
- For the dimension of the “Safety climate” the participants highlighted the fundamental importance of respecting the rules, as e.g., safety requirements, while it is quite low the score attributed to the question investigating the role of the supervisor in promoting an adequate safety climate in the company, with examples of safety behaviors and respecting safety rules.
- Finally, regarding the dimension “Attitude towards safe actions”, the answers of the workers indicated a quite ambivalent attitude, both demonstrating a cautiousness related to the knowledge of the extreme severity of the possible occupational injuries that may happen, but also judging as “brave” the colleagues or superiors who are able to work without adequate protective equipment.
4. Discussion
- Perceived Behavioral Control dimension showed higher scores for North African workers, indicating difficulties in complying with safety rules due to external factors that they are not able to control, as the fear of losing the job or the feeling of pressure and haste at work.
- Construction workers from eastern Europe indicated that they perceive the construction sector not as highly dangerous as it is perceived by the Italians. Probably as a consequence, they also reported to identify as “bravery” the attitude of working with inadequate adoption of protections, looking at the possibility of injuries in a kind of fatalistic way.
- Balkan workers are from regions not so much different compared to eastern Europe: probably these ethnic groups may share some aspects of their safety behaviors, as confirmed by their attitudes towards safe actions, which, as happened also for eastern Europeans, showed a habit possibly representing a condition of passive acceptance of the eventuality of a work accident, and considering the workers reporting an inadequate use of protections as courageous. On the other hand, differently from eastern Europeans and North African workers, Balkan workers were the only group scoring higher at the safety climate dimension, when compared to Italians. This means that, in general, they perceived a good respect of the safety rules at work and that they trusted their supervisors, promoting adequate safety behaviors.
- In Italy, at least a minimal sixteen hours certified OHS training is mandatory for all the construction workers prior to have access to a construction site, and this training has to be repeated at least every five years with a six hours recall session [39]. We are aware that it is possible that the specific paths of the trainings of the included workers differed significantly, as vocational schools organize several different trainings, also according to the role of the workers and to particular responsibilities they may have in terms of OHS (e.g., representative of the employees for the safety or workers assigned to the first aid procedures, respectively requiring additional 32 and 16 hours trainings) or according to the specific technical qualifications (e.g., for the installation of scaffolding, requiring additional 32 hours of training). Nevertheless, even if with possible differences in the courses followed, all the construction workers in Italy attend, at least for a short period, a specific training, with exceptions only in the informal economy.
- Usually in Italy the trainings for the construction workers are organized within the vocational schools system, that for the vast majority in Italy are represented by the so called “Building schools” [28]. These institutes are recognized by the Italian law [39] and by the national joint associations and labor unions of the construction sector, representative of both the employers and the employees [28].
- We chose four different “Building schools”, two in the north of Italy and two in the south of the country, to retrieve a sample representative of the Italian panorama of the workforce in the construction sector. We considered the current distribution in the country of the workforce in the construction sector, about 79% composed by Italian workers and 21% of immigrant workers [29], and, as we were particularly interested in evaluating the ethnic background, we tried to recruit as much as foreign workers as possible, according to the exclusion and inclusion criteria of the study, finally resulting in the present research in a slightly higher presence of immigrant workers in the sample (27%) compared to the national data [29].
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- International Labour Organization. Safety and health at work: A vision for sustainable prevention. In Proceedings of the XX World Congress on Safety and Health at Work 2014: Global Forum for Prevention, Frankfurt, Germany, 24–27 August 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Eurostat. Accidents at Work Statistics. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Accidents_at_work_statistics (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- International Labour Organization. ILO Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers: Results and Methodology. Available online: https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_652001/lang--en/index.htm- (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- Hargreaves, S.; Rustage, K.; Nellums, L.; McAlpine, A.; Pocock, N.; Devakumar, D.; Aldridge, R.; Abubakar, I.; Kristensen, K.; Himmels, J.; et al. Occupational health outcomes among international migrant workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2019, 7, 872–882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Giraudo, M.; Bena, A.; Costa, G. Migrant workers in Italy: An analysis of injury risk taking into account occupational characteristics and job tenure. BMC Public Health 2017, 17, 351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gobba, F.; Dall’Olio, E.; Modenese, A.; De Maria, M.; Campi, L.; Cavallini, G.M. Work-Related Eye Injuries: A Relevant Health Problem. Main Epidemiological Data from a Highly- Industrialized Area of Northern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Riccò, M.; Garbarino, S.; Bragazzi, N.L. Migrant Workers from the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Occupational Injuries: A Retrospective Database Based Analysis from North-Eastern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- International Labour Organization. Safety and Health for Migrant Workers. Available online: https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_765258/lang--en/index.htm (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- Moyce, S.C.; Schenker, M. Migrant Workers and Their Occupational Health and Safety. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2018, 39, 351–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lund, I.O.; Rundmo, T. Cross-cultural comparisons of traffic safety, risk perception, attitudes and behavior. Saf. Sci. 2009, 47, 547–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Starren, A.; Drupsteen, L. OSH WIKI Cross-Cultural Difference in OSH. Available online: https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Cross-cultural_difference_in_OSH#cite_note-Lund-14 (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- Sjöberg, L. Factors in risk perception. Risk Anal. 2000, 20, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Casey, T.W.; Riseborough, K.M.; Krauss, A.D. Do you see what I see? Effects of national culture on employees’ safety-related perceptions and behavior. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2015, 78, 173–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liebman, A.K.; Juarez-Carrillo, P.M.; Reyes, I.A.; Keifer, M.C. Immigrant dairy workers’ perceptions of health and safety on the farm in America’s Heartland. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2016, 59, 227–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, Y.; Luo, H.; Yang, F. Influences of Migrant Construction Workers’ Environmental Risk Perception on their Physical and Mental Health: Evidence from China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levesque, D.L.; Arif, A.A. Does the perception of psychosocial factors increase the risk of pesticide exposure among seasonal Hispanic farmworkers? Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2014, 5, 72–77. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Menzel, N.N.; Gutierrez, A.P. Latino worker perceptions of construction risks. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2010, 53, 179–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hofmann, J.N.; Crowe, J.; Postma, J.; Ybarra, V.; Keifer, M.C. Perceptions of environmental and occupational health hazards among agricultural workers in Washington State. AAOHN J. 2009, 57, 359–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Acosta, M.S.; Sechrest, L.; Chen, M.K. Farmworkers at the border: A bilingual initiative for occupational health and safety. Public Health Rep. 2009, 124 (Suppl. 1), 143–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cunningham, T.R.; Guerin, R.J.; Keller, B.M.; Flynn, M.A.; Salgado, C.; Hudson, D. Differences in safety training among smaller and larger construction firms with non-native workers: Evidence of overlapping vulnerabilities. Saf. Sci. 2018, 103, 62–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- The Lloyd’s Register Foundation World Risk Poll. 2019. Available online: https://wrp.lrfoundation.org.uk/LRF_WorldRiskReport_Book.pdf (accessed on 29 December 2020).
- Dijkman, A.; Terwoert, J. Occupational Safety and Health Management and Risk Governance. Available online: https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health_management_and_risk_governance#Risk_perceptions_and_acceptance_of_risks (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- People, J.; Bailey, G. Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology, 9th ed.; Wadsworth Cengage learning: Boston, MA, USA, 2010; p. 389. [Google Scholar]
- Ricci, F.; Modenese, A.; Bravo, G.; De Pasquale, F.; Ferrari, D.; Bello, M.; Carozza, L.; Longhi, F.; Favero, G.; Soddu, S.; et al. Ethnic background and risk perception in construction workers: Development and validation of an exploratory tool. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 2019, 33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ricci, F.; Aldini, A.; Ciramini, M.; Gioia, M.G.; Quintero, N.; Ronsval, D.; Vecchiatini, S.; Artioli, G.; Sarli, L. Psychosocial precursors of the correct sanitation and sanitization of the patient unit in the hospital setting. ActaBioMed 2020, 91, e2020010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ajzen, I. From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In Action Control: From Cognition to Behavior; Kuhl, J., Beckmann, J., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1985; pp. 11–39. [Google Scholar]
- Rosenberg, M.J.; Hovland, C.I. Attitude Organization and Change: An Analysis of Consistency among Attitude Components; Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA, 1960. [Google Scholar]
- FORMEDIL. National Organization for Vocational and Professional Training in the Construction Industry. Available online: http://www.formedil.it/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/PIEGHEVOLE-FORMEDIL_2012_WEB.pdf (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- Ministero del Lavoro e Delle Politiche Sociali. X Rapporto Annuale <<Gli Stranieri nel Mercato del Lavoro in Italia>>. Available online: https://www.lavoro.gov.it/documenti-e-norme/studi-e-statistiche/Documents/Decimo%20Rapporto%20Annuale%20-%20Gli%20stranieri%20nel%20mercato%20del%20lavoro%20in%20Italia%202020/X-Rapporto-Annuale-stranieri-nel-mercato-del-lavoro-in-Italia.pdf (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- European Council. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR): Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Available online: https://rm.coe.int/common-european-framework-of-reference-for-languages-learning-teaching/16809ea0d4 (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- Percezione e Rappresentazione del Rischio in Edilizia. Studio e Analisi di Gruppi di Lavoratori di Diverse Nazionalità e Culture. Available online: https://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/sicurezza-nei-luoghi-di-lavoro/documentazione/studi-ricerche-documenti/2010/percezione-e-rappresentazione-del-rischio-in-edilizia-studio-e-analisi-di-gruppi-di-lavoratori-di-diverse-nazionalita-e-culture (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- SAS. Analytics Software & Solutions. Available online: https://www.sas.com/en_us/home.html (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- Waller, J.L. How to Perform and Interpret Chi-Square and T-Tests. Available online: https://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings12/155-2012.pdf (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- Ragavan, A.J. How to Use SAS® to Fit Multiple Logistic Regression Models. Available online: https://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings/pdfs/sgf2008/369-2008.pdf (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- Perlman, A.; Sacks, R.; Barak, R. Hazard recognition and risk perception in construction. Saf. Sci. 2014, 64, 22–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ricci, F.; Pelosi, A.; Panari, C.; Chiesi, A. Safety Value in Practice for an Effective Occupational Health and Safety Training. In Proceedings of the conference Organization 4.1: The Role of Values in the Organizations of the 21st Century—ISSWOV 2018, Trieste, Italy, 1–4 July 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Meliá, J.L.; Silva, S.; Mearns, K.; Lima, M.L. Exploring the dimensionality of Safety Climate in the Construction industry. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Occupational Risk Prevention, Sevilla, Spain, 10–12 May 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Arici, C.; Ronda-Pérez, E.; Tamhid, T.; Absekava, K.; Porru, S. (Occupational Health and Safety of Immigrant Workers in Italy and Spain: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana. Decreto Legislativo 9 aprile 2008, n. 81. Available online: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2008/04/30/008G0104/sg (accessed on 11 January 2021).
- Perez-Carceles, M.D.; Medina, M.D.; Perez-Flores, D.; Noguera, J.A.; Pereniguez, J.E.; Madrigal, M.; Luna, A. Screening for hazardous drinking in migrant workers in southeastern Spain. J. Occup. Health 2014, 56, 39–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Item | Text | Scoring | Dimension |
---|---|---|---|
1 | “I don’t comply with safety rules because my supervisor tells me that I have to work quickly” | 0–1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9–10 (where “0” means: “I absolutely disagree with the statement” and “10” means “I absolutely agree with the statement” | PBC |
2 | “I don’t comply with safety rules because I am afraid to lose my job” | ||
3 | “I don’t comply with safety rules because I am too much tired” | ||
4 | “My job is dangerous” | DP | |
5 | “My specific tasks at the construction site are more dangerous than other jobs in the construction sector” | ||
6 | “I think it’s possible to be seriously injured at work” | ||
7 | “My team leader always respects the rules to avoid risks at work” | SC | |
8 | “If we respect the safety requirements, it’s possible to avoid occupational injuries” | ||
9 | “My supervisor wants me to work with absolutely no risks of injuries” | ||
10 | “One can expect to be seriously injured at work” | ATSA | |
11 | “People working without protective equipment are brave” | ||
12 | “I don’t comply with safety rules because I am brave” |
Region of Origin | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 572) | North Africa (n = 22) | Eastern Europe (n = 80) | Balkans (n = 53) | Italy (n = 407) | p Value | |
Educational level | <0.0001 * | |||||
None | 4 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (75.0) | |
Primary school | 274 (48.8) | 11 (4.0) | 15 (5.5) | 15 (5.5) | 233 (85.0) | |
High school | 259 (46.1) | 10 (3.9) | 60 (23.2) | 33 (12.7) | 156 (60.2) | |
University | 14 (2.5) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (21.4) | 3 (21.4) | 7 (50.0) | |
Missing | 11 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1(9.1) | 2 (18.2) | 8 (72.7) | |
Professional Qualification | 0.7697 | |||||
Construction manager | 53 (9.4) | 2(3.8) | 2(3.8) | 3(5.7) | 46 (86.8) | |
Foreman | 28 (5.0) | 0(0.0) | 2(7.1) | 1(3.6) | 25(89.3) | |
Generic worker | 190 (33.8) | 9(4.7) | 35(18.4) | 25(13.2) | 121(63.7) | |
Specialized worker | 168 (29.9) | 9(5.4) | 21(12.5) | 16(9.5) | 122(72.6) | |
No qualifications | 26 (4.6) | 1(3.9) | 7(26.9) | 1(3.9) | 17(65.4) | |
Other qualifications | 78 (13.9) | 1(1.3) | 10(12.9) | 5(6.4) | 62(79.5) | |
Missing | 19 (3.4) | 0(0.0) | 3(15.8) | 2(10.5) | 14(73.7) | |
Type of work contract | 0.0891 | |||||
Unemployed | 51(9.1) | 1(2.0) | 11(21.6) | 6(11.8) | 33(64.7) | |
Permanent employee | 359(63.9) | 10(2.8) | 48(13.4) | 30(8.4) | 271(75.5) | |
Seasonal worker | 90(16.0) | 6(6.7) | 14(15.6) | 7(7.8) | 63(70.0) | |
Craftsman (external company collaborator) | 22(3.9) | 1(4.6) | 0(0.0) | 1(4.6) | 20(90.9) | |
Other contract type | 26(4.6) | 3(11.5) | 4(15.4) | 5(19.2) | 14(53.9) | |
Missing | 14(2.5) | 1(7.1) | 3(21.4) | 4(28.6) | 6(42.9) |
Region of Origin | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 572) | North Africa (n = 22) | Eastern Europe (n = 80) | Balkans (n = 53) | Italy (n = 407) | p Value | |
Previous personal experience of occupational injuries | <0.001 * | |||||
Yes | 173 (30.78) | 4 (0.71) | 13 (2.31) | 12 (2.14) | 144 (25.62) | |
No | 374 (66.55) | 16 (2.85) | 67 (11.92) | 41 (7.30) | 250 (44.48) | |
missing | 15 (2.67) | 2 (0.36) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 13 (2.31) | |
Eyewitness of occupational injuries happened to a colleague | ||||||
Yes | 19 (3.38) | 4 (0.71) | 4 (0.71) | 4 (0.71) | 7 (1.22) | <0.001 * |
No | 495 (88.08) | 15 (2.67) | 74 (13.17) | 49 (8.72) | 357 (63.52) | |
missing | 48 (8.57) | 3 (0.53) | 2 (0.36) | 0 (0.00) | 43 (7.65) | |
Information received on the prevention of the risks of occupational injuries judged to be adequate | ||||||
Yes | 404 (71.89) | 12 (2.14) | 52 (9.25) | 36 (6.41) | 304 (54.09) | 0.0170 * |
No | 107 1(9.04) | 7 (1.25) | 24 (4.27) | 12 (2.14) | 64 (11.39) | |
missing | 51 (9.07) | 3 (0.53) | 4 (0.71) | 5 (0.89) | 39 (6.94) |
Dimension of Risk Perception | Related Items of the Questionnaire | Mean Score ( ±SD) (0 = Absolutely Disagree- 10 = Absolutely Agree) |
---|---|---|
Perceived behavioral control | I don’t comply with safety rules because my supervisor tells me that I have to work quickly | 6.9 ± 3.2 |
I don’t comply with safety rules because I am afraid to lose my job | 6.0 ± 3.6 | |
I don’t comply with safety rules because I am too much tired | 5.8 ± 3.6 | |
Danger perception | My job is dangerous | 3.5 ± 1.6 |
My specific tasks at the construction site are more dangerous than other jobs in the construction sector | 7.5 ± 2.7 | |
I think it’s possible to be seriously injured at work | 4.7 ± 3.2 | |
Safety climate | My team leader always respects the rules to avoid risks at work | 4.3 ± 3.5 |
If we respect the safety requirements, it’s possible to avoid occupational injuries | 8.9 ± 2.4 | |
My supervisor wants me to work with absolutely no risks of injuries | 6.4 ± 3.5 | |
Attitude towards safe actions | One can expect to be seriously injured at work | 8.4 ± 2.6 |
People working without protective equipment are brave | 8.4 ± 2.3 | |
I don’t comply with safety rules because I am brave | 4.4 ± 3.4 |
Region of Origin | Perceived Behavioral Control | Perception of Dangers | Safety Climate | Attitudes Towards Safe Actions |
---|---|---|---|---|
North Africa | 1.752 (0.040 *) | 1.519 (0.070) | 1.226 (0.140) | 1.462 (0.070) |
East Europe | 1.033 (0.210) | 0.635 (0.002 *) | 0.914 (0.160) | 1.441 (0.011 *) |
Balkans | 0.831 (0.096) | 0.92 (0.174) | 1.611 (0.005 *) | 1.601 (0.007 *) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ricci, F.; Bravo, G.; Modenese, A.; De Pasquale, F.; Ferrari, D.; Bello, M.; Favero, G.; Soddu, S.; Gobba, F. Risk Perception and Ethnic Background in Construction Workers: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in a Group of Trainees of a Vocational School in Italy. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2021, 11, 96-109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010008
Ricci F, Bravo G, Modenese A, De Pasquale F, Ferrari D, Bello M, Favero G, Soddu S, Gobba F. Risk Perception and Ethnic Background in Construction Workers: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in a Group of Trainees of a Vocational School in Italy. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2021; 11(1):96-109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleRicci, Federico, Giulia Bravo, Alberto Modenese, Fabrizio De Pasquale, Davide Ferrari, Massimo Bello, Gianluca Favero, Sergio Soddu, and Fabriziomaria Gobba. 2021. "Risk Perception and Ethnic Background in Construction Workers: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in a Group of Trainees of a Vocational School in Italy" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, no. 1: 96-109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010008
APA StyleRicci, F., Bravo, G., Modenese, A., De Pasquale, F., Ferrari, D., Bello, M., Favero, G., Soddu, S., & Gobba, F. (2021). Risk Perception and Ethnic Background in Construction Workers: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study in a Group of Trainees of a Vocational School in Italy. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(1), 96-109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010008