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Volume 12
Issue 3
10.18683/germs.2022.1340
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Article

Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile Contamination in the Healthcare Environment and Instruments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by
Soroush Borji
1,†,
Mosayeb Rostamian
2,†,
Sepide Kadivarian
3,
Sara Kooti
1,
Shirin Dashtbin
4,
Somayeh Hosseinabadi
1,
Ramin Abiri
5 and
Amirhooshang Alvandi
6,*
1
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, University Street, Kermanshah, Iran
2
Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, University Street, Kermanshah, Iran
3
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences University Street, Kermanshah, Iran
4
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, Tehran, Iran
5
Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, University Street, Kermanshah, Iran
6
Medical Technology Research Center, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415333, Iran
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Co-last authors.
GERMS 2022, 12(3), 361-371; https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2022.1340
Submission received: 5 February 2022 / Revised: 3 August 2022 / Accepted: 20 August 2022 / Published: 30 September 2022
Versions Notes

Abstract

Introduction: Worldwide, Clostridioides difficile infection is becoming one of the most common healthcare-associated infections. Management and control of this infection in healthcare facilities are associated with screening for environmental and instrumental C. difficile contamination. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the overall prevalence of C. difficile in hospital settings, medical devices, and instruments. Methods: Four main databases, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus, were searched using the keywords Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium difficile, C. difficile, clostridia, Clostridium spp., hospital environments, antibiotic associate colitis, intensive care unit, and ward in combination as a search strategy. The PRISMA checklist was used for selecting eligible studies. Results: A total of 11 eligible articles published between 2012 and 2021 were included. The overall pooled prevalence of C. difficile in hospital environments was 14.9%. The highest and lowest prevalence were reported for India (51.1%) and the USA (1.6%), respectively. The highest prevalence was reported for beds (46.3%). A significant heterogeneity was seen between C. difficile prevalence in hospital environments in different samples. The highest and lowest prevalence was reported for floor corners (63.2%) and privacy curtains (1.4%), respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, hospitals' medical devices and environmental surfaces are considered a crucial source of Clostridioides difficile infection. In this regard, we strongly recommend revising and improving the cleaning and disinfection methods in hospitals and quality control of cleaning adequacy.
Keywords: Clostridioides difficile; healthcare environment; prevalence; meta-analysis Clostridioides difficile; healthcare environment; prevalence; meta-analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Borji, S.; Rostamian, M.; Kadivarian, S.; Kooti, S.; Dashtbin, S.; Hosseinabadi, S.; Abiri, R.; Alvandi, A. Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile Contamination in the Healthcare Environment and Instruments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. GERMS 2022, 12, 361-371. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2022.1340

AMA Style

Borji S, Rostamian M, Kadivarian S, Kooti S, Dashtbin S, Hosseinabadi S, Abiri R, Alvandi A. Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile Contamination in the Healthcare Environment and Instruments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. GERMS. 2022; 12(3):361-371. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2022.1340

Chicago/Turabian Style

Borji, Soroush, Mosayeb Rostamian, Sepide Kadivarian, Sara Kooti, Shirin Dashtbin, Somayeh Hosseinabadi, Ramin Abiri, and Amirhooshang Alvandi. 2022. "Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile Contamination in the Healthcare Environment and Instruments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" GERMS 12, no. 3: 361-371. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2022.1340

APA Style

Borji, S., Rostamian, M., Kadivarian, S., Kooti, S., Dashtbin, S., Hosseinabadi, S., Abiri, R., & Alvandi, A. (2022). Prevalence of Clostridioides difficile Contamination in the Healthcare Environment and Instruments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. GERMS, 12(3), 361-371. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2022.1340

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