Vermicomposting Process to Endosulfan Lactone Removal in Solid Substrate Using Eisenia fetida
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Raw Material and Solid Substrate
2.3. Physicochemical Characteristics of the Solid Substrate and Vermicompost
2.4. Removal Process
2.5. Optimization to EL Removal
2.6. Enzyme Activity Measurement
2.7. SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Physicochemical Characteristics of Solid Substrate and Vermicompost
3.2. Non-Sterile Solid Substrate
3.2.1. Endosulfan Lactone Removal on Non-Sterile Solid Substrate
3.2.2. Endosulfan Lactone in Earthworm
3.3. Sterile Solid Substrate
3.3.1. Endosulfan Lactone Removal on Sterile Solid Substrate
3.3.2. Endosulfan Lactone in Earthworm
3.4. Optimization of Endosulfan Lactone Removal
3.5. Enzymatic Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Endosulfan Lactone (mg/kg) | Earthworm (Number) |
---|---|
0.001 | 0 |
0.004 | 5 |
0.009 | 10 |
Parameter | Solid Substrate | Vermicompost | Reference Values | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture (%) | 36 ± 5.6 | 92 ± 2.6 | - | [11] |
pH | 6.9 ± 0.08 | 7.3 ± 0.02 | Strongly acidic (<5.0) Moderately acidic (5.1–6.5) Neutral (6.6–7.3) Moderately alkaline (7.4–8.5) Strongly alkaline (>8.5) | |
NInorganic (mg/Kg) | 48 ± 1.9 | 56 ± 5.8 | Very low (0–10 mg/Kg) Low (10–20 mg/Kg) Medium (20–40 mg/Kg) High (40–60 mg/Kg) Very high (>60 mg/Kg) | |
NTotal (%) | 0.25 ± 0.002 | 0.30 ± 0.008 | Very low (<0.05%) Low (0.05–0.10%) Medium (0.10–0.15%) High (0.15–0.25%) Very high (>0.25%) | |
Real density (g/cm3) | 1.05 ± 0.006 | 1.19 ± 0.006 | Very low (<2.4) Low (2.4–2.60) Medium (2.60–2.80) High (>2.80) | [29] |
Organic matter (%) a | 7.3 ± 0.34 | 10.9 ± 0.26 | Very low (<0.5%) Low (0.6–1.5%) Medium (1.6–3.5%) High (3.6–6.0%) Very high (>6.0%) | [11] |
TOC (%) | 7.48 ± 0.26 | 14.15 ± 0.69 | - | |
C/N | 29.92 | 47.17 | C/N low (<10) C/N high (>25) | [13,30] |
Sample (Days) | Vmax (μmol/min) | Km (μmol) | Enzymatic Activity (mmol/mg Protein Per min) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.0155 e | 0.7274 e | 0.2087 e |
3 | 0.0187 d | 3.0458 a | 0.2518 d |
5 | 0.0233 c | 2.7540 b | 0.3138 c |
7 | 0.0346 b | 2.5489 c | 0.4659 a |
14 | 0.0502 a | 2.0157 d | 0.3730 b |
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Vázquez-Villegas, P.T.; Meza-Gordillo, R.; Cruz-Salomón, A.; Ruíz-Valdiviezo, V.M.; Gutiérrez-Miceli, F.A.; Villalobos-Maldonado, J.J.; Montes-Molina, J.A.; Aguilar-Vázquez, J.; Domínguez, Z. Vermicomposting Process to Endosulfan Lactone Removal in Solid Substrate Using Eisenia fetida. Processes 2021, 9, 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020396
Vázquez-Villegas PT, Meza-Gordillo R, Cruz-Salomón A, Ruíz-Valdiviezo VM, Gutiérrez-Miceli FA, Villalobos-Maldonado JJ, Montes-Molina JA, Aguilar-Vázquez J, Domínguez Z. Vermicomposting Process to Endosulfan Lactone Removal in Solid Substrate Using Eisenia fetida. Processes. 2021; 9(2):396. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020396
Chicago/Turabian StyleVázquez-Villegas, Paola T., Rocío Meza-Gordillo, Abumalé Cruz-Salomón, Víctor M. Ruíz-Valdiviezo, Federico A. Gutiérrez-Miceli, Juan J. Villalobos-Maldonado, Joaquín A. Montes-Molina, Janet Aguilar-Vázquez, and Zaira Domínguez. 2021. "Vermicomposting Process to Endosulfan Lactone Removal in Solid Substrate Using Eisenia fetida" Processes 9, no. 2: 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9020396