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Article

Reservoir Characteristics and Regional Storage Potential Evaluation of Deep Well Injection and Storage of High-Salinity Water in Coal Mines in the Ordos Basin

by
Yanjun Liu
1,
Yidan Bu
1,
Song Du
2,3,*,
Qiaohui Che
2,3,
Yinglin Fan
2,3,
Yan Ding
2,3,
Zhe Jiang
2,3 and
Xiang Li
2,3
1
School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
2
General Prospecting Institute of China National Administration of Coal Geology, Beijing 100039, China
3
Mine Safety Administration Transparent Mine Geology and Digital Twin Technology State Key Laboratory of Mine Safety Administration, Beijing 100039, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2025, 13(2), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020579
Submission received: 13 December 2024 / Revised: 25 January 2025 / Accepted: 11 February 2025 / Published: 18 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploration, Exploitation and Utilization of Coal and Gas Resources, 2nd Edition)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Deep well injection and storage is an emerging technology for realizing the low-cost treatment of extremely large quantities of three types of waste in coal mines in China, while simultaneously supporting coordinated development that considers its impact on the ecological environment. There has been significant progress in research on the geological storage of carbon dioxide in China. However, the geological storage of fluids such as mine water and high-salinity water needs to be studied further. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the lithology, mineral composition, physical and mechanical characteristics, and spatial structure of the Liujiagou and Shiqianfeng formations in a mining area in the Ordos Basin, we determined the geological storage space for fluids, predicted the storage potential, and evaluated the feasibility of deep geological storage of high-salinity water in coal mines. In the study area, the Liujiagou Formation is dominated by fine sandstone and siltstone, while the Shiqianfeng Formation is dominated by medium sandstone and conglomerate. The main storage space comprises micro-cracks, as well as intergranular, dissolution, and intergranular pores. Among these, the intergranular pores are the most conducive to reservoir development. The burial depth intervals of 1820–1835 m, 1905–1920 m, and 2082–2098 m are favorable for storage and are characterized by high porosities, permeabilities, and storage capacities. The effective storage capacity within a 100 m radius of the storage well was estimated to be 33.15 × 104 m3. The effective storage capacity in the favorable area is 27.69 × 104 m3, accounting for 83.50% of the total storage capacity. The Liujiagou and Shiqianfeng formations thus can serve as favorable reservoirs for deep well injection and storage of high-salinity water in the Ordos Basin. This research provides new ideas for the treatment of high-salinity water in coal mines in the Ordos Basin and technical support for deep well injection and the storage of high-salinity water.

1. Introduction

In recent years, the discharge of industrial wastewater such as that from coal mining and the coal chemical industry has caused increasingly significant damage to the ecological environment [1]. Simple standard discharge practices can no longer meet the current resource utilization and ecological protection standards HJ 19-2022 [2]. Thus, transforming current high-salinity water treatment and disposal practices is urgent [3]. High-salinity water is the most difficult type of water to treat [4], and the use of traditional physical and chemical treatment methods often has incomplete results and high costs [5]. Achieving low-cost geological storage of large volumes of high-salinity water in coal mines while ensuring coordinated development of the ecological environment has become an urgent and difficult problem to solve.
Deep well injection and storage is a disposal technology that seals gas/liquid fluids into underground rock pores and micro-cracks at least 1500 m below the Earth’s surface via deep wells [6,7]. This method provides a safe environmental solution by which gas/liquid fluids can be stored outside the biosphere. It uses the sealing and degradation capabilities of the deep geological environment (the fourth type of environmental medium) to prevent the sealed fluid from entering the material circulation in humans and organisms [8]. Deep well injection and storage has been employed in the United States for more than 90 years [9,10]. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has also recognized this method as one of the most commonly used liquid waste disposal methods [11], and it has also been proven to be a safe and low-cost industrial waste disposal method [12,13]. In southern Kuwait, the Zubair Formation in the Burgan oil field is considered the most favorable reservoir, with high porosity and high permeability [14]. However, research on deep geological fluid storage in China started relatively late, and was initially absent from national policies [15]. In 2023, the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Protection and Utilization of Mine Water (Draft for Solicitation of Comments) issued by the General Office of the National Development and Reform Commission proposed corresponding policies for deep geological sequestration of mine water for the first time [16]. This resulted in a clear and active response to the implementation of technology for mine water ectopic recharge or storage and deep geological storage of high-salinity water [17]. In 2006, a study revealed that sandstone-fractured aquifers can be used as a reservoir area and that this is feasible and economical [18]. In 2020, the feasibility of using deep geological storage technology to solve the problem of the disposal of high-salinity water from coal mines in China was demonstrated. It was concluded that the construction and operation costs of this technology are significantly lower than those of other treatment technologies [19,20]. Recently, the first research and demonstration project of technology for the deep geological storage of high-salinity water in coal mines in China was carried out in a mining area in the Ordos Basin. This technology can not only solve the problem of the treatment of high-salinity water in coal mines, but can also provide theoretical and technical support for solving problems with the geological environment posed by the process of deep geological storage [21], which is important for promoting related green transformation and sustainable development of the mining industry [22].
The Ordos Basin, located in northwestern China, is rich in oil, coal, and natural gas and contains several major coalfields. As China’s main coal production area, it is currently facing problems in treating high-salinity water [23]. Previous studies have found that there are sedimentary rock reservoirs and fine-grained caprocks between the deep coal seams and oil layers in the Ordos Basin [24]. This basin is a preferred area for studying reservoir characteristics and evaluating the regional storage potential [25], and it can provide new ideas and reliable technical support for the treatment of high-salinity water in coal mines.
Although the deep geological storage technology of high-salinity water in coal mines has achieved initial success, the mechanism of fluid migration in deep formation is still unclear, and the storage potential of high-salinity water in coal mines needs to be further studied. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the characteristics and regional storage potential of deep geological storage of high-salinity water in the mining area in the Ordos Basin. Taking the Liujiagou and Shiqianfeng formations as the research area, core samples from different buried depths were analyzed via indoor mechanical tests, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry, among other tests. The quantitative parameters such as the thickness, mineral composition, physical and mechanical properties, degree of fracture development, porosity, and permeability of the target layer were analyzed in depth, and the lithology, physical and chemical characteristics, and spatial structure of the reservoir were also described in detail. The feasibility of the storage space was evaluated, the mechanism and potential for the deep geological storage of fluids in the study area were revealed in order to provide a theoretical basis for the deep geological storage of fluids in the Ordos Basin, and then the problem of zero discharge of high brine in coal mines was solved. This paper puts forward a new idea for the treatment of high-salinity water in coal mines in the Ordos Basin, which has important practical application value.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Overview of the Study Area

The Ordos Basin is located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China, northeast of the Loess Plateau, east of the Yellow River, west of the Alxa League, south of Shaanxi Province, and north of Mongolia [26]. It is characterized by flat, low-lying terrain, is rich in natural gas, coal, oil, iron ore, and other mineral resources, and is an important coal and oil resource base in China [27]. The study area is located in the northern Ordos Basin, Yimeng uplift zone. It has a length of 14.5 km from north to south, a width of 8.5 km from east to west, and a total area of 123.32 km2 [28].
The strata in the study area are shown in Figure 1. From oldest to youngest [29,30], the strata include the Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sequences. The target strata in this study were the Lower Triassic Liujiagou Formation and the Upper Permian Shiqianfeng Formation in a mining area in the Ordos Basin. In the study area, the Liujiagou Formation is 1626–2026 m thick. It was mainly formed in a riverine environment and exhibits the sedimentary characteristics of river facies. In the study area, the Shiqianfeng Formation is 2026–2181 m thick and is characterized by delta facies and lacustrine facies [31].

2.2. Sample Collection

The core samples collected in this study mainly included samples from the Liujiagou Formation and the Shiqianfeng Formation. Among these, 174 core samples were collected from the Liujiagou Formation and 29 core samples were collected from the Shiqianfeng Formation. The specific conditions of the collected layers and core samples are presented in Table 1.

2.3. Test Methods

In this study, laboratory mechanical tests, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and other tests were carried out on the core samples to obtain parameters such as the thickness of the storage target layer, mineral composition, pore throat structure, rock physical and mechanical properties, degree of fracture development, porosity, and permeability to determine the storage mechanism and provide a basis for evaluating the storage potential.

2.3.1. Rock Physical Mechanics

The rock physical mechanics of the deformation and failure of the rocks under different stress states were investigated [32]. In this study, parameters such as compressive strength (σbc), tensile strength (Rm), elastic modulus (E), and Poisson’s ratio (V) were measured via uniaxial tests [33] and triaxial confining pressure tests [34]. An in-depth understanding of the mechanical properties of the formation was attained, revealing the details of the formation deformation and failure [35], and the generation of new cracks and the flow of cracks were explored.

2.3.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy can be used to observe the morphologies and structures of minerals, as well as to study the microstructures and compositions of geological samples such as rocks and soils [36]. A fine-focused electron beam is used for line-by-line scanning of the sample surface, from point to line, to excite an electrical signal that reflects the surface characteristics of the sample. The detector then enlarges and processes the signal to display an electronic image of the sample [37]. In this study, an Apro 2C Lovac field emission scanning electron microscope (Thermo Fisher Technologies Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China) was used. The impurities on the surface of the sample were removed first, the sample sheet was pasted on the sample base of the conductive adhesive, and the sample base was fixed on the platform. The quantitative analysis examined the mineral composition, rock structure, and pore structure of the reservoir and to explore the factors influencing the reservoir.

2.3.3. X-Ray Diffractometry

X-ray diffractometry has been widely used in materials science, geology, chemistry, physics, and other fields [38]. Based on the interaction between electromagnetic waves and the internal structure of the material, X-ray diffractometry is performed on the material, and its diffraction pattern is analyzed to obtain information such as the material composition, structure, and morphology of the atoms and molecules inside the material [39]. In this study, the SmartLab multifunctional X-ray diffractometer (Li Yan Shuguang instrument Co. Ltd., Beijing, China) was used. The rock samples were first ground into powder with a particle size of less than 0.05mm, which was then put into a drying oven to remove water and organic matter, and then evenly loaded onto the sample holder. By collecting the X-ray diffraction pattern, the rock mineral composition of the reservoir was analyzed, and the influence of mineral composition on the storage ability was explored.

2.4. Storage Potential Calculation Method

According to the understanding of different storage mechanisms, different methods for calculating the storage potential have been proposed in China and abroad, including the material balance method, effective volume method, dissolution method, and comprehensive calculation method, which considers various storage mechanisms [40]. According to the geological conditions of the reservoir and storage mechanism of the deep geological storage of high-salinity water in the studied coal mine, the volume method proposed by the United States Department of Energy was selected to calculate the storage potential [41]. The result is the prediction level (D) [42,43], which is calculated as follows:
P = A × h × Φ × E  
where P is the effective storage capacity (m3); A is the reservoir area (m2); h is the reservoir thickness (m); Φ is the average porosity of the reservoir (%); and E is the effective storage coefficient (0.02 in this study). The United States Department of Energy used the Monte Carlo simulation method to obtain the statistical distribution of the effective storage factor E [43], ranging from 0.01 to 0.04.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Lithological Characteristics of the Reservoir

The lithology characteristics of the reservoir were studied to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the deep geological storage of high-salinity water. Collecting the core samples from different buried depths and analyzing their main lithological characteristics helps predict the migration path and possible interactions of the water in the reservoir. This allows for optimizing the injection strategy, reducing the risk of leakage, and ensuring long-term stable storage of high-salinity water in coal mines [44]. Figure 2 shows the stratigraphic lithological characteristics of the Liujiagou Formation and Shiqianfeng Formation in the study area.
The stratigraphic lithological characteristics of the Liujiagou Formation in the study area are roughly as follows: the buried depth ranges include 1820–1824 m and 1909–1919 m. The main lithology consists of light purple fine sandstone, mainly composed of quartz and fine particles. The particles are sub-circular, with medium sorting. The lithology in the burial depth range of 1825–1826 m is light purple argillaceous sandstone with an argillaceous siltstone structure. The distribution of the argillaceous siltstone is uneven, and the local argillaceous siltstone is heavy and dense. The lithologies in the burial depth ranges of 1826–1835 m and 1929–1934 m are brownish red fine sandstone and argillaceous sandstone. The fine sandstone is mainly a small amount of medium sandstone. The argillaceous sandstone has an uneven distribution of argillaceous material and a high sand content. The lithologies at burial depth ranges of 1835–1901 m, 1935–1981 m, and 1919–1928 m are mainly brownish red mudstones. The texture is relatively soft, with a lower degree of consolidation than that of shale, recrystallization is not noticeable, and the water absorption and plasticity are poor; however, it can adapt to certain pressure changes and maintain a good reservoir performance [45].
The lithologies of the strata at different depths in the Shiqianfeng Formation in the study area vary significantly, with a more pronounced segmentation difference compared to the Liujiagou Formation. This was influenced by the sedimentary environment, diagenesis, and later geological processes. The lithologic characteristics of the Shiqianfeng Formation are as follows: most of the surface and deep layers are mainly composed of mudstone and argillaceous sandstone, with a small amount of medium sandstone. The content of the medium sandstone increases with increasing depth. The burial depth range of 2098–2105 m is dominated by medium sandstone, which is medium-coarse sandstone.

3.2. Characteristics of Reservoir Rock Mineral Composition

3.2.1. Characteristics of Rock Mineral Composition of the Liujiagou Formation

The reservoirs in the Liujiagou Formation in the study area are predominantly composed of sandstone and siltstone, and their mineral compositions are dominated by quartz [46]. The clay minerals include hydromica, kaolinite, and montmorillonite, followed by detrital minerals. A large number of feldspar and quartz detrital particles can be observed in the scanning electron microscope images presented in Figure 2. Debris particles are rare, and mica and calcite cements occasionally occur.
Burial depths of 1820.98 m, 1830.71 m, 1834.49 m, 1915.07 m, and 1980.61 m were selected as the research targets. The pie chart of the mineral composition presented in Figure 2 shows that the quartz content is relatively high (average of 39.10%), the plagioclase content is 17.26%, and the potassium feldspar content (average of 6.85%) is generally lower than that of the plagioclase. The clay content is significantly higher at burial depths of 1834.00 m and 1980.00 m and lower within the burial depth range of 1820.00–1830.00 m. The laumontite content increases sharply within 1820.00–1830.00 m and reaches 57.70%. In the process of deep geological storage of high-salinity water, the secondary pores formed via dissolution of laumontite lead to an increase in porosity [47,48]. It can be seen that in the study area, the reservoir space in the Liujiagou Formation with the best storage potential is located in the depth range of 1820.00–1833.00 m.

3.2.2. Characteristics of Rock Mineral Composition of the Shiqianfeng Formation

The reservoir in the Shiqianfeng Formation in the study area predominantly consists of medium sandstone and conglomerate [49], and the mineral composition is dominated by quartz. A large number of feldspar and quartz debris particles can be seen in the scanning electron microscope images. Debris particles are rare, and calcite cement is not present.
Burial depths of 2080.80 m, 2085.26 m, 2093.81 m, 2094.94 m, 2101.00 m, 2103.69 m, and 2109.40 m were selected as the research objects. As can be seen from Figure 2, the quartz content is relatively high (average of 59.69%), the plagioclase content is 12.98%, and the potassium feldspar content is relatively low (average of 1.25%). The clay contents at the burial depths of 2085.00–2094.00 m and 2103.00 m are significantly lower than at other burial depths in the Shiqianfeng Formation. The potassium feldspar content at the burial depth of 2085.00 m is 0.50%, while that at 2103.00 m is only 0.60%. The overall mean value is relatively low, resulting in insignificant dissolution and reduced porosity [50]. Therefore, in the study area, the reservoir space with the best storage potential in the Shiqianfeng Formation is likely located at 2086.00–2099.00 m.

3.3. Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Reservoir Rocks

3.3.1. Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of the Liujiagou Formation

The variation trends of the compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of the Liujiagou Formation at different burial depths in the study area are shown in Figure 3. The compressive strength is 55.20–83.80 MPa, the tensile strength is 1.37–4.56 MPa, the elastic modulus is 0.12 × 105–0.25 × 105, and the Poisson’s ratio is 0.15–0.28. The shaded part in Figure 3A denotes the area with low compressive and tensile strengths. This indicates that the formation rock at this burial depth has a weak resistance to external forces and is prone to fracturing, which leads to the formation of new fractures. When the Poisson’s ratio is greater than 0.2, the larger the elastic modulus is, the smaller the formation porosity is [51,52]. Therefore, the formation porosity corresponding to the shaded part in Figure 3B is larger. Based on the lithology and mineral composition of the rocks, the higher the content of the clay minerals is, the smaller the porosity is; in contrast, the compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus tend to increase with higher inorganic mineral content, including that of quartz, calcite, and dolomite [53]. In summary, new fractures easily form in the strata at burial depths of 1820–1835 m and 1905–1920 m. These strata have better porosities, and thus have better storage potentials.

3.3.2. Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of the Shiqianfeng Formation

The trends of variation in the compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of the core samples of the Shiqianfeng Formation in the study area collected from different burial depths are shown in Figure 4. The compressive strength is 7.42–85.80 MPa, the tensile strength is 0.79–3.84 MPa, the elastic modulus is 0.09 × 105–0.25 × 105, and the Poisson’s ratio is 0.17–0.24. The compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of the Shiqianfeng Formation are significantly lower than those of the Liujiagou Formation, while the Poisson’s ratio exhibits the opposite trend. The shaded part in Figure 4A is the area with low compressive and tensile strengths, indicating that induced fractures are more likely to form in the formation when water is injected at this depth, and thus, a larger space for reservoir reconstruction can be obtained. Based on the elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, rock lithology, and mineral composition, it can be considered that in the study area, the Shiqianfeng Formation has the best storage potential at burial depths of 2082–2098 m.

3.4. Spatial Structural Characteristics of Reservoir Rock

3.4.1. Rock Structure Characteristics

Figure S1 in the Supplementary File presents a scanning electron microscope image that shows the structural features of the Liujiagou Formation. In terms of the sorting characteristics of the rocks, the sorting of the sandstone in the Liujiagou Formation is better overall, and generally, the degree of sorting and particle size exhibit a negative correlation. The particle size is fine overall, with the particles mainly consisting of fine sandstone. Therefore, the size distribution of most of the debris particles in the sample is relatively uniform, and the sorting is relatively good. Regarding the rounding characteristics of the rocks, the characteristics of the middle and lower sections of the Liujiagou Formation are similar. Most of the particles are sub-angular and rounded, and the degree of rounding is relatively poor.
Figure S2 in the Supplementary File presents a scanning electron microscope image showing the structural features of the rock of the Shiqianfeng Formation. In terms of the sorting characteristics of the rocks, the sandstone of the Shiqianfeng Formation is coarser than that of the Liujiagou Formation, but the sorting is better overall. Regarding the roundness, most of the particles are sub-rounded, and the degree of roundness is relatively good. To a certain extent, this reflects the original sedimentary characteristics of the minerals in the coarse-grained sandstone of the Shiqianfeng Formation. In other words, the particles had a long transportation time, a slow deposition rate, and traveled a long distance from the source area.

3.4.2. Characteristics of Rock Pore Development

Through observation of the rock samples from the study area, the geometric shape, properties, and characteristics of the reservoir pores were analyzed (Figure S3 in the Supplementary File). The reservoir space in the study area mainly consists of intergranular pores, dissolution pores, intergranular pores, and micro-cracks. Among these, the intergranular pores are more developed, making them the most conducive to reservoir development.
The intergranular pores are the most favorable pore space for reservoir development. The pore size varies and the pore shapes are irregular, which is related to the rock shape, the size of the clastic particles, the arrangement, the degree of compaction, and the distribution of the interstitial material. The maximum size of the intergranular pore in the Liujiagou Formation in the study area is 152.6 μm, and the maximum size of the intergranular pores in the Shiqianfeng Formation is 471.5 μm.
The sizes of the dissolution pores are quite different. Alkaline minerals such as feldspar, calcite, and dolomite near fractures and areas rich in organic matter are prone to dissolution, and the resulting pores are more developed. However, due to the different degrees of reaction, the sizes of the corrosion pores are different. The size of the dissolution pores formed via the dissolution of feldspar in the Liujiagou Formation in the study area can reach 35.81 μm.
Later diagenesis led to the formation of some intergranular pores, which are characterized by small pore sizes, low permeability, poor effective connectivity, and limited reservoir space. Among these, the intergranular pores between the chlorite, illite, and illite-montmorillonite mixed layer minerals are more developed and exhibit honeycomb, coniferous, leaf-like, and irregular shapes.
The micro-cracks are mainly nano-scale and have irregular forms. There are intragranular pores formed parallel to the mineral joints, as well as intergranular micro-cracks, such as penetrating particles and concave–convex or arc-shaped micro-cracks. The coupled effect of the micro-cracks and solution pores provides migration channels for the fluid that dissolves the rock in the later stages [54].

3.4.3. Analysis of the Porosity of the Liujiagou Formation

The trends of variation in the porosity and permeability at different burial depths in the Liujiagou Formation in the study area are shown in Figure 5. Overall, the variation ranges of the two qualities are similar. The porosity is 0.40–11.69%, and the permeability is 0.01–2.02 mD. There are two high porosity value areas in the depth range in the study area, i.e., at burial depths of 1833 m and 1910 m. This is mainly controlled by the lithological characteristics and mineral compositions of the strata. At burial depths of 1820–1833 m, the strata are mainly fine sandstone and argillaceous sandstone. The porosity and permeability of the core increase with increasing buried depth. Then, it immediately changes to a decreasing trend as a result of the change in the lithology to mudstone. The lithology of the strata at the burial depth of 1910 m is mainly fine sandstone. The porosity and permeability exhibit increasing trends and then gradually decrease. The relatively high porosity at 1910 m (up to 12.00%) makes the rock at this depth a medium-high porosity rock [55]. However, as the plagioclase content increases, the porosity and permeability gradually decrease [56]. In summary, it is speculated that the strata within the burial depth range of 1820–1835 m have better storage potential.

3.4.4. Analysis of the Porosity of the Shiqianfeng Formation

The variation trends of the porosity and permeability at different burial depths in the Shiqianfeng Formation in the study area are shown in Figure 6. The porosity is 0.49–12.99%, and the permeability is 0.02–3.39 mD. There are two peak porosity value areas within the studied depth range, i.e., 2085 m and 2103 m. This is mainly related to the lithology of the formation. The porosities of the strata at these burial depths are relatively high (more than 10%), making them medium-high porosity rocks. The plagioclase content increases with increasing depth, and as a result, the porosity and permeability initially increase and then decrease with increasing burial depth [57]. In summary, the burial depth range of 2082–2098 m likely has a better storage potential.

3.5. Evaluation of Storage Potential

Calculating the storage capacity is an important part of the evaluation of the potential for the geological storage of mine water. According to the geological storage model, the storage capacity can be divided into four types: the theoretical storage capacity, the effective storage capacity, the actual storage capacity, and the matching storage capacity [58]. Based on the reservoir’s physical properties, trap conditions, burial depth, and other factors in the study area [59], we used the effective storage capacity as an evaluation index.
We used the effective thickness to represent the reservoir thickness in our evaluation. The value was based on the data for the reservoir burial depth, lithology, mineral composition, and statistics of the thickness, porosity, permeability, and physical and mechanical parameters. Because the regional stratigraphic distribution in the Ordos Basin is stable and the planar area of the reservoir distribution is wide, the effective area of the reservoir was selected as a circular area with a radius of 100 m and the injection well was at the center. The porosity was based on the effective porosity of the reservoir revealed by boreholes, and the average value was used in the calculation.
The calculation parameters and results of the effective storage capacity for high-salinity water in the Liujiagou Formation and Shiqianfeng Formation in the study area are presented in Table 2. According to the evaluation results and the calculation results of the storage capacity, the study area was divided into two types of storage areas, i.e., favorable and unfavorable storage areas, by considering the buried depths, thicknesses, and geological structures of the strata. The favorable storage areas are distributed at burial depths of 1820–1835 m, 1905–1920 m, and 2082–2098 m, and the unfavorable storage areas are distributed at burial depths of 1835–1905 m, 1920–1926 m, and 2098–2110 m. The effective storage capacity within the radius of 100 m from the storage well is 33.15 × 104 m3. The effective storage capacities in the favorable areas at depths of 1820–1835 m, 1905–1920 m, and 2082–2098 m are 7.57 × 104 m3, 10.33 × 104 m3, and 9.79 × 104 m3, respectively, with a total of 27.69 × 104 m3, accounting for 83.50% of the total storage capacity. Under the same geological conditions, the total effective storage capacity can reach 33.15 × 106 m3 within a radius of 1 km from the storage well, and the effective storage capacity of the favorable areas can reach 27.69 × 106 m3.
In summary, the Yimeng uplift zone in the northern Ordos Basin has a great geological storage potential at depths of 1820–1835 m, 1905–1920 m, and 2082–2098 m, and it can be used to effectively treat high-salinity water from coal mines at low costs.

4. Conclusions

In this study, the Yimeng uplift zone in the northern Ordos Basin was taken as the study area, and we investigated the potentials of the Liujiagou Formation and Shiqianfeng Formation for the deep geological storage of high-salinity water from coal mines. X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, physical and mechanical testing, and other methods were comprehensively applied. The lithological characteristics, mineral compositions, spatial structures, and physical and mechanical properties of the strata in the Liujiagou Formation and the Shiqianfeng Formation at different burial depths were analyzed, and the mechanism of deep geological storage was revealed. The effective storage capacity of the reservoir was calculated using the volume method, and the storage potential of the reservoir was predicted and evaluated. The main conclusions of this study are summarized below.
(1)
The Liujiagou Formation is mainly composed of sandstone and siltstone, with a fine sandstone particle size and good sorting. There are a large number of clastic feldspar and quartz particles, a few debris particles, and occasional mica and calcite cements. The Shiqianfeng Formation is dominated by medium sandstone and conglomerate, with a coarse grain size, good roundness, high structural maturity, and no calcite cement.
(2)
The storage spaces in the Liujiagou and Shiqianfeng formations mainly include intergranular pores, dissolution pores, intergranular pores, and micro-cracks. Among them, the intergranular pores are more developed and the most conducive to reservoir storage. The strata within the depth ranges of 1820–1835 m, 1905–1920 m, and 2082–2098 m have a weak resistance to external forces and are easily fractured. The reservoir porosity and permeability are better, and the connectivity of the pores is also better.
(3)
According to the calculations using the volume method, the favorable areas for storage are distributed within the depth ranges of 1820–1835 m, 1905–1920 m, and 2082–2098 m, and the unfavorable areas for storage are distributed within the depth ranges of 1835–1905 m, 1920–1926 m, and 2098–2110 m. The effective storage capacity within a 100 m radius around the storage well is 33.15 × 104 m3. The effective storage capacity of the favorable area is 27.69 × 104 m3, accounting for 83.50% of the total storage capacity. Through comprehensive analysis, it was determined that the strata in the study area meet the basic conditions for the implementation of the deep geological storage of high-salinity water from coal mines, contain sufficient storage space, and have good storage potential.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/pr13020579/s1, Figure S1: Rock structure characteristics of the Liujiagou Formation; Figure S2: Rock structure characteristics of the Shiqianfeng Formation; Figure S3: Scanning electron microscope image showing pore development (Liujiagou and Shiqianfeng formations).

Author Contributions

Writing—original draft preparation, Y.L. and Y.B.; writing—review and editing, S.D. and Q.C.; Conceptualization, Y.D., Z.J. and X.L.; Investigations, Y.F.; project administration S.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research is funded by a Research and application demonstration project of key technologies for safe deep storage of coal mine water outbursts under the National Key Research and Development Plan (NO. 2023YFC3012104). China Coal Geology Administration mine roof water super deep sealing technology and control equipment project (NO. ZMKJ-2024-GJ04). Research and engineering demonstration project on water depth transfer and storage of coal seam roof strata in Shaanxi Province (NO. 2024SF-YBXM-603).

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article/Supplementary Materials. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author, Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

Special thanks are given to the geological storage team of China General Administration of Coal Geology Exploration and Research Institute for providing stratigraphic test data and putting forward constructive suggestions for this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Processes 13 00579 g001
Figure 1. Regional geological overview of the Ordos Basin. (A) Map showing the structural units and (B) map showing the stratigraphy.
Figure 1. Regional geological overview of the Ordos Basin. (A) Map showing the structural units and (B) map showing the stratigraphy.
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Figure 2. Lithologies and mineral compositions of the Liujiagou Formation and Shiqianfeng Formation in the study area.
Figure 2. Lithologies and mineral compositions of the Liujiagou Formation and Shiqianfeng Formation in the study area.
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Figure 3. Physical and mechanical characteristics of the Liujiagou Formation: (A) tensile strength and compressive strength and (B) elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
Figure 3. Physical and mechanical characteristics of the Liujiagou Formation: (A) tensile strength and compressive strength and (B) elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
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Processes 13 00579 g004
Figure 4. Physical and mechanical characteristics of the Shiqianfeng Formation: (A) tensile strength and compressive strength and (B) elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
Figure 4. Physical and mechanical characteristics of the Shiqianfeng Formation: (A) tensile strength and compressive strength and (B) elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
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Figure 5. Porosity and permeability characteristics of the Liujiagou Formation: (A) porosity and (B) permeability.
Figure 5. Porosity and permeability characteristics of the Liujiagou Formation: (A) porosity and (B) permeability.
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Figure 6. Porosity characteristics of the Shiqianfeng Formation: (A) tensile strength and compressive strength; and (B) elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
Figure 6. Porosity characteristics of the Shiqianfeng Formation: (A) tensile strength and compressive strength; and (B) elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio.
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Table 1. Core sample data.
Table 1. Core sample data.
StratumFormationHeight (m)Depth (m)Core
ErathemSeriesSystem
MesozoicTriassicLowerLiujiagou81820–1828Processes 13 00579 i001
761830–1906Processes 13 00579 i002
171096–1923Processes 13 00579 i003
121924–1936Processes 13 00579 i004
Upper paleozoicPermianUpperShiqianfeng222076–2094Processes 13 00579 i005
192094–2113Processes 13 00579 i006
Table 2. Calculation parameters and results for mine water storage.
Table 2. Calculation parameters and results for mine water storage.
FormationLithologyh/mΦ/%P/×104 m3
LiujiagouFine sandstone15 (1820–1835)8.047.57
Argillaceous sandstone70 (1835–1905)0.41.76
Mudstone15 (1905–1920)10.9710.33
Fine sandstone16 (1920–1936)0.610.61
ShiqianfengMudstone16 (2082–2098)9.749.79
Fine sandstone4 (2098–2102)0.490.12
Argillaceous sandstone3 (2102–2105)10.21.92
Medium sandstone5 (2105–2110)3.31.04
Total33.15 × 104 m3
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Liu, Y.; Bu, Y.; Du, S.; Che, Q.; Fan, Y.; Ding, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Li, X. Reservoir Characteristics and Regional Storage Potential Evaluation of Deep Well Injection and Storage of High-Salinity Water in Coal Mines in the Ordos Basin. Processes 2025, 13, 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020579

AMA Style

Liu Y, Bu Y, Du S, Che Q, Fan Y, Ding Y, Jiang Z, Li X. Reservoir Characteristics and Regional Storage Potential Evaluation of Deep Well Injection and Storage of High-Salinity Water in Coal Mines in the Ordos Basin. Processes. 2025; 13(2):579. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020579

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Yanjun, Yidan Bu, Song Du, Qiaohui Che, Yinglin Fan, Yan Ding, Zhe Jiang, and Xiang Li. 2025. "Reservoir Characteristics and Regional Storage Potential Evaluation of Deep Well Injection and Storage of High-Salinity Water in Coal Mines in the Ordos Basin" Processes 13, no. 2: 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020579

APA Style

Liu, Y., Bu, Y., Du, S., Che, Q., Fan, Y., Ding, Y., Jiang, Z., & Li, X. (2025). Reservoir Characteristics and Regional Storage Potential Evaluation of Deep Well Injection and Storage of High-Salinity Water in Coal Mines in the Ordos Basin. Processes, 13(2), 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020579

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