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Volume 13
Issue 12
10.3390/pr13123763
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Natural Carboxylic Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents: Properties, Bioactivities and Walnut Green Peel Flavonoid Extraction

by
Lei Gong
1,2,*,
Lili Yue
2,
Menghao Li
2,
Qilong Chen
2,
Xuan Liu
3,
Daming Gao
1,
Junli Ren
4,
Nan Zhang
2 and
Jie Zhu
1
1
National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality Utilization, Institute of Urban & Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
2
School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
3
School of Pharmacy & School of Biological and Food Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
4
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Papermaking and Paper-Based Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2025, 13(12), 3763; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123763
Submission received: 22 October 2025 / Revised: 14 November 2025 / Accepted: 19 November 2025 / Published: 21 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Novel green solvents are a key focus in green chemistry, and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are promising sustainable solvents. This study systematically examined the physicochemical properties (water content, polarity, conductivity, Kamlet-Taft parameters, and viscosity) of ten carboxylic acid-based DESs (CADESs). It also evaluated their antibacterial activity against representative Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The antibacterial activity of CADESs is closely related to low pH values, hydrogen bond donor properties, and the destructive effect on bacterial cell membranes. antioxidant properties via ABTS, DPPH scavenging assays and Fe2+ chelating assays, and phytotoxicity through mung bean tests. When used to extract flavonoids from walnut peel, the choline chloride/levulinic acid system with 30% water achieved the highest yield of 112.8 mg RE·g−1 DW. Therefore, CADESs show great potential as green solvents for flavonoid extraction in sustainable technologies.
Keywords: carboxylic acid deep eutectic solvents; antibacterial activity; antioxidant property; phytotoxicity; flavonoids carboxylic acid deep eutectic solvents; antibacterial activity; antioxidant property; phytotoxicity; flavonoids

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Gong, L.; Yue, L.; Li, M.; Chen, Q.; Liu, X.; Gao, D.; Ren, J.; Zhang, N.; Zhu, J. Natural Carboxylic Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents: Properties, Bioactivities and Walnut Green Peel Flavonoid Extraction. Processes 2025, 13, 3763. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123763

AMA Style

Gong L, Yue L, Li M, Chen Q, Liu X, Gao D, Ren J, Zhang N, Zhu J. Natural Carboxylic Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents: Properties, Bioactivities and Walnut Green Peel Flavonoid Extraction. Processes. 2025; 13(12):3763. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123763

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gong, Lei, Lili Yue, Menghao Li, Qilong Chen, Xuan Liu, Daming Gao, Junli Ren, Nan Zhang, and Jie Zhu. 2025. "Natural Carboxylic Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents: Properties, Bioactivities and Walnut Green Peel Flavonoid Extraction" Processes 13, no. 12: 3763. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123763

APA Style

Gong, L., Yue, L., Li, M., Chen, Q., Liu, X., Gao, D., Ren, J., Zhang, N., & Zhu, J. (2025). Natural Carboxylic Acid Deep Eutectic Solvents: Properties, Bioactivities and Walnut Green Peel Flavonoid Extraction. Processes, 13(12), 3763. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13123763

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