Study on Drying of Seaweeds and Importance of Glass Transition and Stabilization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Stable mild temperature and humidity in the drying process. Of course, higher temperatures will reduce the drying time, but at the same time they will reduce the polysaccharides, and decompose components.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Experiment Description
- Air temperature changes: 10, 25 and 38 °C.
- Different layers: 1, 2 and 3 layers. In the drying chamber on shelves in the same direction as the air flow.
- Relative humidity was at 16.0 ± 4.0% for the drying air.
- Velocity of drying medium: 1.5 ± 0.5 m s−1.
- Drying was terminated when moisture content reached the range 20.0~10.0% d.b.
2.3. Drying Behaviour
2.4. Sorption and Desorption Properties with Temperature
2.5. DSC Analysis
2.6. Glass Transition
2.7. Unfreezable Water
2.8. Data Analysis—Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Composition of Seaweeds
3.2. Effect of Pretreatment with Drying
3.3. Influence of Blanching on Sorption–Desorption Characteristics of Saccharina latissimi
3.4. Shrinkage Analysis of Samples during Dewatering
3.5. Drying Kinetics of Seaweeds
3.6. Thermal Transitions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
a | empirical coefficient |
aw | water activity, - |
b | thickness of seaweed blade, mm |
C* | chrominance (CIE L*C*h* color scale) |
c | empirical coefficient |
D | coefficient of diffusivity, m2 s−1 |
d.b. | dry basis, kg kg−1 |
DSC | differential scanning calorimeter |
h | half-thickness of seaweed layers, m |
h* | hue angle (CIE L*C*h* color scale), ° |
k | drying constant, min−1 |
MR | moisture ratio, - |
RH | relative humidity of air, % |
Y | ratio of MR to volume of sample m−3 |
E | melting energy, kJ |
I | mass of ice, kg |
L | latent heat, kJ kg−1 |
T | temperature, °C |
w.b. | wet basis |
x | mass fraction kg kg−1 |
Subscript | |
b | bound water |
f | freezing |
l | lipid |
m | melting |
p | protein |
w | water |
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Sample Type | Moisture Contnet, kg kg−1 d.b. | Glass Transition, Inflection Point, °C | Melting of Mannitol, °C | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||
Low moisture content | ||||||
Raw seaweeds, dried at 105.0 °C | 0.003 | 35.44 | n.d. | 120.45 | n.d. | - |
Raw seaweeds, dried at 105.0 °C | 0.023 | 47.31 | n.d. | 118.56 | n.d. | - |
Raw seaweeds, dried at 38.0 °C | 0.039 | 20.38 | 52.14 | 96.98 | 139.91 | - |
Raw seaweeds, dried at 38.0 °C | 0.060 | 5.56 | 55.32 | 88.83 | 135.25 | - |
Vacuum freeze-dried mucus | 0.061 | −5.85 | n.d. | 96.02 | 148.02 | 152.99 |
Vacuum freeze-dried mucus | 0.065 | −7.29 | n.d. | 96.99 | 139.75 | 166.13 |
Vacuum freeze-dried mucus | 0.075 | −7.99 | n.d. | 92.62 | 138.88 | 167.92 |
Low moisture content, equilibrated in climate chamber | ||||||
Raw seaweeds, at 10.0 °C | 0.079 | 2.82 | 46.07 | 92.92 | Out of range | |
Blanched seaweeds, at 10.0 °C | 0.086 | n.d. | 48.65 | n.d. | 135.74 | 165 |
Raw seaweeds, at 10.0 °C | 0.107 | −0.93 | 49.32 | 83.16 | 138.93 | 156 |
Raw seaweeds, at 25.0 °C | 0.109 | 1.52 | 53.43 | 85.66 | 136.53 | 167 |
Raw seaweeds, at 10.0 °C | 0.117 | 0.00 | 38.6 | 80.38 | 136.49 | 151.98 |
Raw seaweeds, at 10.0 °C | 0.136 | −0.65 | 49.02 | 79.52 | 136.79 | 153.75 |
Raw seaweeds, at 10.0 °C | 0.15 | −30.41 | 52.43 | Out of range | ||
Blanched seaweeds, at 10.0 °C | 0.15 | n.d. | 47.59 | n.d. | 124.93 | 144.46 |
Raw seaweeds, at 25.0 °C | 0.165 | −26.74 | 65.32 | Out of range | ||
Raw seaweeds, at 25.0 °C | 0.168 | −30.61 | 61.62 | 80.56 | 132.33 | - |
Blanched seaweeds, dried at 25.0 °C | 0.171 | n.d. | 50.5 | n.d. | 120.84 | 141.96 |
Blanched seaweeds, dried at 25.0 °C | 0.174 | n.d. | 50.9 | n.d. | 122.48 | 140.9 |
Raw seaweeds, dried at 38.0 °C | 0.334 | −78.22 | 38.9 | Out of range | ||
High-moisture-content seaweeds | ||||||
Raw seaweeds, dried at 38.0 °C | 0.874 | −80.54 | −60.01 | Out of range | ||
Raw seaweeds, dried at 38.0 °C | 0.917 | −80.32 | −60.64 | |||
Raw seaweeds, at 25.0 °C | 5.541 | −83.65 | −61.91 | |||
Raw seaweeds, at 25.0 °C | 7.398 | −84.61 | −61.89 | |||
Raw seaweeds | 7.418 | −80.98 | −58.08 | |||
Raw seaweeds | 7.812 | −82.52 | −61.94 | |||
Raw seaweeds | 7.828 | −82.55 | −57.99 | |||
Raw seaweeds | 8.144 | −85.33 | −63.27 | |||
Raw seaweeds | 8.336 | −83.56 | −62.48 | |||
Raw seaweeds | 8.707 | −84.75 | −61.53 | |||
Seaweed mucus | 11.902 | −72.39 | −55.41 | |||
Seaweed mucus | 12.318 | −76.41 | −56.59 |
Equation | Statistical Analysis | Coefficients | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F-Ratio | Prob(F) | R2 | R | B | |
Clausius–Clapeyron | |||||
Raw seaweeds | 292.57 | 0 | 0.97 | 6.61 × 10−5 | 19.59 × 10−2 |
Blanched seaweeds | 229.5 | 0.00011 | 0.98 | 1.26 × 10−5 | 1.82 × 10−2 |
Gordon–Taylor | |||||
Raw seaweeds | 185.27 | 0 | 0.94 | K | Tgi·s |
9.58 | 151.76 |
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Tolstorebrov, I.; Senadeera, W.; Eikevik, T.M.; Bantle, M.; Sæther, M.; Petrova, I. Study on Drying of Seaweeds and Importance of Glass Transition and Stabilization. Processes 2024, 12, 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020373
Tolstorebrov I, Senadeera W, Eikevik TM, Bantle M, Sæther M, Petrova I. Study on Drying of Seaweeds and Importance of Glass Transition and Stabilization. Processes. 2024; 12(2):373. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020373
Chicago/Turabian StyleTolstorebrov, Ignat, Wijitha Senadeera, Trygve Magne Eikevik, Michael Bantle, Maren Sæther, and Inna Petrova. 2024. "Study on Drying of Seaweeds and Importance of Glass Transition and Stabilization" Processes 12, no. 2: 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020373
APA StyleTolstorebrov, I., Senadeera, W., Eikevik, T. M., Bantle, M., Sæther, M., & Petrova, I. (2024). Study on Drying of Seaweeds and Importance of Glass Transition and Stabilization. Processes, 12(2), 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12020373