Rapeseed Meal Waste Biomass as a Single-Cell Protein Substrate for Nutritionally-Enhanced Feed Components
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Waste Material and Sample Preparation
2.2. Enzymatic Pre-Hydrolysis and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)
2.3. Determination of the Protein Content
2.4. Determination of the Free Nitrogen (FAN)
2.5. Determination of the Crude Fiber (CF) Content
2.6. Chromatographic Analysis of the Flavonoids
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Influence of Different Biomass Loads on Various Parameters
3.1.1. Protein Content Increase with Various Biomass Loads
3.1.2. Free Amino Nitrogen Content in Sample of Post-Culture Liquid
3.2. Influence of Different Doses of Enzymatic Preparation on Production of Feeds
3.2.1. Measurement of Yeast Growth by the Plate Count Method
3.2.2. Protein Content under Different Doses of Enzymatic Preparation
3.2.3. Crude Fiber Content in Samples with Different Biomass Loads and Enzyme Doses
3.2.4. Flavonoid Content after Fermentation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Yeast | Collection Name |
---|---|---|
1 | Yarrowia lipolytica | ŁOCK 0264 |
2 | Metschnikowia pulcherrima | NCYC 747 |
3 | Scheffersomyces stipitis | NCYC 1541 |
4 | Kluyveromyces marxianus | ŁOCK 0024 |
5 | Candida humicola | ŁOCK 0013 |
6 | Saccharomyces bayanus | BC S103 |
7 | Candida utilis | ŁOCK 0021 |
8 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae TT | ŁOCK 0105 |
9 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol Red | Leaf/Lesaffre Advanced Fermentation |
10 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tokay | ŁOCK 0204 |
Strain | D | E | F | Control Sample |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AV: 4.92 × 108 | AV: 1.38 × 108 | AV: 1.64 × 108 | AV: 6.02 × 105 |
SD: 2.03 × 108 | SD: 7.69 × 107 | SD: 4.51 × 107 | SD: 8.61 × 104 | |
2 | AV: 1.64 × 108 | AV: 1.26 × 108 | AV: 9.32 × 107 | AV: 6.18 × 105 |
SD: 8.14 × 107 | SD: 2.07 × 107 | SD: 4.62 × 107 | SD: 1.09 × 105 | |
3 | AV: 2.50 × 108 | AV: 2.30 × 108 | AV: 2.32 × 108 | AV: 8.50 × 105 |
SD: 1.50 × 108 | SD: 1.53 × 108 | SD: 1.46 × 108 | SD: 5.83 × 104 | |
4 | AV: 2.20 × 107 | AV: 1.05 × 107 | AV: 9.06 × 106 | AV: 1.56 × 105 |
SD: 6.44 × 106 | SD: 1.45 × 106 | SD: 7.33 × 105 | SD: 5.35 × 104 | |
5 | AV: 3.82 × 108 | AV: 2.16 × 108 | AV: 5.00 × 107 | AV: 5.18 × 106 |
SD: 1.79 × 107 | SD: 7.54 × 107 | SD: 1.22 × 107 | SD: 5.45 × 105 | |
6 | AV: 2.62 × 108 | AV: 2.92 × 108 | AV: 1.96 × 108 | AV: 1.90 × 106 |
SD: 6.18 × 107 | SD: 7.29 × 107 | SD: 1.01 × 108 | SD: 1.13 × 106 | |
7 | AV: 9.20 × 107 | AV: 1.34 × 108 | AV: 8.80 × 107 | AV: 1.46 × 106 |
SD: 9.88 × 106 | SD: 3.91 × 107 | SD: 4.55 × 107 | SD: 7.47 × 105 | |
8 | AV: 2.84 × 108 | AV: 1.50 × 108 | AV: 8.20 × 107 | AV: 3.78 × 106 |
SD: 6.84 × 107 | SD: 8.60 × 107 | SD: 2.49 × 107 | SD: 1.03 × 106 | |
9 | AV: 2.40 × 108 | AV: 1.56 × 108 | AV: 1.03 × 108 | AV: 6.78 × 106 |
SD: 3.14 × 107 | SD: 1.32 × 107 | SD: 6.02 × 107 | SD: 9.83 × 105 | |
10 | AV: 1.56 × 108 | AV: 2.20 × 107 | AV: 2.72 × 107 | AV: 1.94 × 106 |
SD: 9.32 × 107 | SD: 1.10 × 107 | SD: 1.49 × 107 | SD: 8.35 × 105 |
Flavonoid Compound | Control | 9 B | 3 F |
---|---|---|---|
Daidzein | 2019.5 ± 5.1 | 3258.9 ± 7.8 | 3740.7 ± 3.1 |
Daidzin | 12,868.3 ± 23.5 | 52.3 ± 0.1 | 28.2 ± 0.1 |
Genistein | 2596.1 ± 2.2 | 4020.9 ± 3.2 | 4699.6 ± 2.4 |
Genistin | 15,200.0 ± 56.8 | 534.5 ± 0.7 | 86.9 ± 0.1 |
Glycitein | 1108.3 ± 1.1 | 901.4 ± 1.2 | 1391.5 ± 0.8 |
Glycitin | 5377.561 ± 3.1 | <LOD | <LOD |
Sum | 39,169.8 | 8768.0 | 9946.9 |
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Dygas, D.; Liszkowska, W.; Steglińska, A.; Sulyok, M.; Kręgiel, D.; Berłowska, J. Rapeseed Meal Waste Biomass as a Single-Cell Protein Substrate for Nutritionally-Enhanced Feed Components. Processes 2023, 11, 1556. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11051556
Dygas D, Liszkowska W, Steglińska A, Sulyok M, Kręgiel D, Berłowska J. Rapeseed Meal Waste Biomass as a Single-Cell Protein Substrate for Nutritionally-Enhanced Feed Components. Processes. 2023; 11(5):1556. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11051556
Chicago/Turabian StyleDygas, Dawid, Wiktoria Liszkowska, Aleksandra Steglińska, Michael Sulyok, Dorota Kręgiel, and Joanna Berłowska. 2023. "Rapeseed Meal Waste Biomass as a Single-Cell Protein Substrate for Nutritionally-Enhanced Feed Components" Processes 11, no. 5: 1556. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11051556