The Flash Loan Attack Analysis (FAA) Framework—A Case Study of the Warp Finance Exploitation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (i)
- We proposed the FAA framework that allows security researchers to simulate attacks in different environments and a suitable and versatile risk countermeasure for the DeFi platform (see details in Section 3.1 and Section 3.2).
- (ii)
- We analyzed the efficiency of the existing fair reserves model by determining the potential damage prevented by the model in many circumstances. The report from the proposed FAA framework provides insight validation of the fair reserves protocol. It is crucial to ensure that the model is well validated before applying it to prevent potential damage (details are given in Section 3.3).
- (iii)
- We conducted simulations on flash loan sizes, collateral ratios, and market conditions to predict the degree of damage on the DeFi platform. Our analyses unveil the strengths and weaknesses of the existing TWAP and fair reserves models with respect to various internal and external conditions. Details of the analyses are discussed in Section 3.4 and Section 3.5, while our insights are presented in Section 4.
- (iv)
- We suggested a holistic prevention approach, which consists of the top six (6) best countermeasures to flash loan attacks (Section 5).
2. Related Work
2.1. Blockchain, DeFi, and Smart Contract
2.1.1. DeFi Vulnerability
- (i)
- (ii)
- (iii)
- Smart contract exploits: These attacks take advantage of vulnerabilities in the smart contracts that underlie DeFi platforms, allowing attackers to steal or redirect funds. For instance, the smart contract weakness classification (SWC) [23], reentrancy attack [24], front-running attack [25], and rug pull scam [26].
2.1.2. Defi Risk Assessment Framework
2.2. Flash Loans
2.2.1. Arbitrageur
2.2.2. Collateral Swap
2.2.3. Self-Liquidation
2.2.4. Lower Transaction Fees
2.3. Flash Loan Attacks
2.4. Flash Loan Attack Prevention
3. A Novel DeFi Attack Risk Analysis Framework
3.1. Damage Model Formulation
- (i)
- The attacker used flash loans to borrow DAI from dYdX solo margin pools. The amount of the borrowed DAI is denoted as .
- (ii)
- WETH is borrowed from the Uniswap and dYdX solo margin pools using flash loans. Let denote the maximum amount of WETH the attacker can borrow.
- (iii)
- DAI and WETH were supplied to Uniswap’s WETH-DAI pool to mint WETH-DAI LP tokens, which would be used as collateral for borrowing tokens from Warp Finance. Note that the values of the supplied DAI and WETH must be equal. Let and denote the amount of DAI and WETH in the pool, respectively.
- (iv)
- The attacker supplied all DAI () and the equivalent WETH () to the pool:The minted LP token amount (D), where represents the total supply of WETH-DAI tokens before supplying, is determined by the following equation:After adding liquidity, the pool reserved, and the total LP token supply was changed as follows:
- (v)
- Since the exploitation occurred while Warp finance was using their equation, the LP token price () was calculated using TWAP and real-time reserves, where and denote DAI and WETH TWAP, respectively:According to the report [6], the root cause of the exploitation related to the LP token price () calculation. Hence, we define the LP token price model (i.e., Equation (7)) as the core submodel, which is to be used in the upcoming steps.All the minted WETH-DAI LP tokens (D) were supplied to Warp Finance as collateral. LP token value in USD is denoted as (). The attacker was able to borrow tokens from Warp Finance. The borrowing limit (B) is the deposited LP token value divided by 1.5, which is the constant collateral value defined by the Warp Finance protocol.
- (vi)
- The attacker swapped the remaining WETH () for DAI () using the Uniswap WETH-DAI pool,Since the token swapping fee is 0.3%, is multiplied by 0.997. Thus, the trading output can be determined as:This step was the core of the attack as the attacker was able to substantially increase the amount of WETH (i.e., the expensive token) in the pool. The reserve amount changed dramatically after the trade:
- (vii)
- At this stage, the changing of real-time reserves causes LP token price updates. The manipulated LP token price is denoted as .The changing of LP token price affects borrow limit value. The manipulated borrow limit () is determined as follows:
- (viii)
- The attacker borrowed as much DAI as possible from the DAI Warp vault (). DAI was the priority borrowed token because the attacker could swap WETH back at a lower rate in the manipulated WETH-DAI pool. USDC () was borrowed as the secondary token after the vaults were emptied of DAI. The actual borrowed amounts ( and ) are thus determined by the minimum value between the borrowing limit and the available liquidity in the vaults:
- (ix)
- To accomplish the exploit, the attacker had to repay all flash loan positions, particularly, and . As the attacker received DAI from the first swap () and borrowing (), he or she could spare DAI for flash loan repayment. However, he or she did not have WETH. Hence, he or she swapped all the remaining DAI for WETH from the manipulated WETH-DAI pool. Here, we can calculate and as:As the WETH that was swapped for DAI was insufficient for repayment, the attacker used all the borrowed USDC to buy WETH from the Sushiswap WETH-USDC pool. Therefore,
- (x)
- This exploit damaged Warp Finance because the attacker borrowed more tokens than the proper limit. When the excess amount borrowed was sufficient for flash loan repayment plus the borrowing fee, the attack was considered successful. The damage from the attack can be evaluated by the number of tokens the attacker received after the success of the transaction. We therefore can calculate the value of tokens stolen from the platform (denoted ) as follows:
3.1.1. Warp Finance Model
3.1.2. Fair Reserves Model
3.2. Damage Model Validation
3.3. Mitigation Strategies Evaluation
3.4. Internal Parameter Test
3.5. External Parameter Test
4. Our Insights
5. Flash Loan Countermeasures
5.1. TWAP Update Threshold Technique
5.2. Delay Requirement Technique
5.3. Sanity Check Technique
5.4. Minting Limit Technique
5.5. Multiple Price Source Technique
5.6. Suggested Practice for TWAP Implementation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
USDT/USDC | US Dollars pegged, an asset-backed cryptocurrency stablecoin. USDT and USDC |
are managed by Tether company limited, Hong Kong and Centre consortium, | |
respectively [56]. | |
ETH | Ether, an unstable token for the Ethereum chain [57]. |
WETH | Wrapped Ether is an ERC-20 token that represents a wrapped version of |
Ethereum [57]. | |
DAI | A stable token whose value is kept close to one USD using a smart contract |
system [42]. | |
LP | A token from a liquidity provider, which is given to users who loan their tokens |
to a liquidity pool [37]. | |
DEX | Decentralized exchange, a marketplace where transactions occur directly between |
crypto traders [40]. | |
TWAP | Time Weighted Average Price, the average price of an asset over a specific period |
of time [9]. | |
TWAR | Time-Weighted-Average Reserve, the average amount of tokens in a pool of the |
platform [8]. |
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Variable | Value | Description |
---|---|---|
58,010,988.36 | The amount of DAI in the DAI-WETH Uniswap pool | |
90,409.01 | The amount of WETH in the DAI-WETH Uniswap pool | |
1,887,324.80 | Total LP tokens in the DAI-WETH Uniswap pool | |
1.00 | The real-time price of DAI retrieved from the DAI-USDC Uniswap pool | |
644.46 | The real-time price of WETH retrieved from the WETH-USDC Uniswap pool | |
1.00 | The time-weighted-average price of DAI retrieved from the DAI-USDC Uniswap pool | |
585.00 | The time-weighted-average price of WETH retrieved from the WETH-USDC Uniswap pool | |
2,900,029.98 | The available amount of DAI in flash loan services | |
269,299.92 | The available amount of WETH in the Uniswap flashswap service | |
76,436.76 | The available amount of WETH in the flash loan service | |
345,736.68 | The available amount of WETH in flash loan services | |
70,837,678.78 | The amount of USDC in the USDC-WETH Sushiswap pool | |
110,167.37 | The amount of WETH in the USDC-WETH Sushiswap pool | |
3,862,646.61 | The amount of DAI in Warp Vault | |
3,917,983.81 | The amount of USDC in Warp Vault | |
c | 810.90 | The Uniswap flashswap service fee () |
Variable | Model | Remark | |
---|---|---|---|
Standard | Fair Reserves | ||
1462.81 | 0 | ||
342,252.88 | 341,993.69 | ||
5757.51 | 0 | ||
436,145.69 | 436,145.69 | ||
13,288,687.37 | 13,288,687.37 | ||
341,217.04 | 341,217.04 | ||
4519.64 | 4519.64 | ||
60,911,018.34 | 60,911,018.34 | ||
94,928.65 | 94,928.65 | ||
47,622,330.97 | 47,622,330.97 | ||
48,584,947.6 | 48,414,505.16 | ||
3,862,646.61 | 3,692,204.17 | ||
3,917,983.81 | 0 | ||
8,520,374.39 | 3,692,204.17 | ||
135.46 | 58.70 | ||
D | 94,349.34 | 94,349.34 | |
1,981,674.14 | 1,981,674.14 | ||
k | n/a | 5,782,200,741,141.44 |
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Werapun, W.; Karode, T.; Arpornthip, T.; Suaboot, J.; Sangiamkul, E.; Boonrat, P. The Flash Loan Attack Analysis (FAA) Framework—A Case Study of the Warp Finance Exploitation. Informatics 2023, 10, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics10010003
Werapun W, Karode T, Arpornthip T, Suaboot J, Sangiamkul E, Boonrat P. The Flash Loan Attack Analysis (FAA) Framework—A Case Study of the Warp Finance Exploitation. Informatics. 2023; 10(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics10010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleWerapun, Warodom, Tanakorn Karode, Tanwa Arpornthip, Jakapan Suaboot, Esther Sangiamkul, and Pawita Boonrat. 2023. "The Flash Loan Attack Analysis (FAA) Framework—A Case Study of the Warp Finance Exploitation" Informatics 10, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics10010003
APA StyleWerapun, W., Karode, T., Arpornthip, T., Suaboot, J., Sangiamkul, E., & Boonrat, P. (2023). The Flash Loan Attack Analysis (FAA) Framework—A Case Study of the Warp Finance Exploitation. Informatics, 10(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics10010003