Prevalence of Avascular Necrosis Following Surgical Treatments in Unstable Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Guidelines and Protocol
2.2. Data Sources and Searches
2.3. Study Selection
2.4. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
2.5. Data Synthesis and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
Study | Type of Study Conducted, Country | Time Period of Intervention ± SD | Total Participants (Female) | Mean Age (Years) ± SD | Type of Intervention | Reduction | Mean Duration Follow-Up |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alshryda 2014 [11] | Cross-sectional study, UK | Immediate | 22 (10) | 13.4 | Pinning in situ; Subcapital osteotomy (Fish) | No, in in situ; Yes, in open reduction; No severity assessed | 10 years |
Alves 2012 [13] | Cross-sectional study, Canada | OS: 22.16 h, ± 7.86 CM: 24.25 h, ± 7.86 | 6 (3) 6 (3) | 12.5 ± 1.4 11.8 ± 1.9 | Pinning following closed reduction; Modified Dunn | Yes, in closed reduction and in modified Dunn | 3–4 years |
Bali 2015 [28] | Cross-sectional study, UK | 9.4 days (2–42 days) | 34 (14) | 13.1 (11–16) | Modified Dunn | Yes | 54 months (15–102 months) |
Chen 2009 [17] | Cross-sectional study, USA | 28.4 h ± 26 | 29 (10) | 11.6 ± 2 | Pinning following unintentional closed reduction; Open reduction without neck shortening in 5 cases (Parsch method) | Yes, in unintentional closed and open reduction | 5.5 years (2–11.2 years) |
Cosma 2016 [29] | Cross-sectional study, Romania | Not stated | 10 (7) | 12.7 | Pinning in situ; Modified Dunn | No, in in situ; Yes, in Dunn | 18 months |
Davis 2017 [30] | Cross-sectional study, USA | 13.9 h (2.2–23.4 h) | Not specified | 12.5 | Modified Dunn | Yes | 27.9 months |
Herngren 2018 [31] | Cohort study, Sweden | Not stated | 61 patients | 11.1–14.9 | Pinning in situ; Pinning following closed reduction; Subcapital osteotomy; Open reduction (Parsch method) | No, in in situ; Yes, in closed and open reduction; Severity assessed but proportion not calculated; 32 cases had intentional CR 5 cases had unintentional CR | 36 months |
Ilharreborde 2016 [32] | Cross-sectional study, France | 1–30 days | 82 (35) | 13 ± 2 | Subcapital shortening osteotomy (cuneiform) | Yes | 28 months ± 8 |
Jackson 2016 [33] | Cohort study, USA | 11.7 h (3–22 h) | 9 (4) | 14 (9–15) | Modified Dunn | Yes | 9–29 months |
Masquijo 2017 [34] | Retrospective cohort, Argentina | Not stated | 20 (10) | 12 (10–16) | Modified Dunn | Yes | 40.4 months (12–84 months) |
Kitano 2015 [35] | Cross-sectional study, Japan | <24 h–7 days | 21 (7) | 12.1 (10.7–14.5) | Pinning following closed reduction; Pinning in situ | 7 preoperative tractions in closed reduction group; No severity assessed; 14 cases had intentional CR | Not stated |
Kohno 2016 [36] | Cross-sectional study, Japan | <24 h = 9 24 h–7 days = 3 >7 days = 12 | 60 (21) | 11.8 ± 1.8 11.8 ± 1.7 | Pinning in situ; Pinning following closed reduction | No, in in situ; Yes, in closed reduction; Severity assessed but using posterior tilting angle (PTA); Mean PTA 60 in closed reduction; Mean PTA 47 in PIS; 43 cases had intentional closed reduction; 17 cases had PIS | 4.7 years (1.0–14.5 years) |
Lang 2019 [37] | Retrospective cohort, USA | Immediate | 18 (5) | 11.7 | Pinning in situ | No | 31.2 months (12–62 months) |
Lerch 2019 [38] | Retrospective case series analysis, Switzerland | Not stated | 14 hips | 13 ± 2, (9–19) | Modified Dunn | Yes | 9 years ± 4 (2–17 years) |
Madan 2013 [39] | Prospective study, UK | Not stated | 17 hips | 12.9 (10–20) | Modified Dunn | Yes | 38.6 months (24–84 months) |
Masse 2012 [40] | Cross-sectional study, Italy | Not stated | 2 hips | 13.5 in boys 12 in girls | Modified Dunn procedure with extended retinacula flap | Yes | 24 months |
Mulgrew 2011 [41] | Cross-sectional study, UK | Not stated | 10 (6) | 12.6 | Pinning in situ | No | 17.8 months |
Ng 2019 [42] | Cross-sectional study, Singapore | 57.7 h | 23 (6) | 11.9 | Pinning in situ; Manipulation, reduction and screw fixation (n = 5) | No, in in situ; Yes, in manipulative group; No severity assessed; 5 cases had intentional closed reduction; 18 cases had PIS | 23 months |
Nortje 2009 [43] | Cross-sectional study, South Africa | Not stated | Group B 20 unstable hips | Group B 13.6 (9–16) | Group B Single screw fixation in situ | No | 2 years |
Palocaren 2010 [44] | Cohort study, USA | 61 h ± 70.2 | 27 patients | 12.2 ± 1.58 | Pinning in situ | No | 3.1 ± 1.9 years |
Parsch 2009 [45] | Cohort study, Germany | <24 h | 64 (27) | 8–16 | Open reduction; No shortening; Smooth K wire fixation (Parsch method) | Yes | 4.9 years (18–104 months) |
Persinger 2016 [46] | Cross-sectional study, USA | 13.9 h (2.17–23.4 h) | 30 (15) | 12.37 (8.75–14.8) | Modified Dunn | Yes | 29.3 months (12–82 months) |
Phillips 2001 [47] | Cross-sectional study, UK | <24 h | 14 (5) | 13 | Crawford–Adams pin, 10; Cannulated screw, 1; Smith Peterson nail, 1; Dunn osteotomy, 2 | Gentle manipulative closed reduction; Open reduction | 2 years |
Rached 2012 [48] | Cross-sectional study, Brazil | Not stated | 26 (10) | 13 (8.2–17.2) | Steinmann pin/single cannulated screw; Multiple pin | Closed reduction and fixation | 2 years |
Sankar 2010 [49] | Cross-sectional study, USA | Not stated | 14 patients | 12.6 (6.5–17.8) | Pinning in situ; Closed reduction; Open reduction (8 modified Dunn, 8 open reduction Parsch method) | No, in in situ; Yes, in closed and open reduction; No severity assessed | 3.2 years (1–10 years) |
Seller 2006 [50] | Cross-sectional study, Germany | Not stated | 29 patients | 11–16 | Closed reduction and k-wire fixation | Yes | 3.5 years |
Slongo 2010 [51] | Cross-sectional study, Switzerland | Not stated | 3 hips | 11.9 ± 2.02 Boys 12.5 Girls 10.8 | Modified Dunn | Yes | 24 months (23–62 months) |
Souder 2014 [52] | Cohort study, USA | Not stated | 14 hips | 12.2 ± 1.6 (9.3–16.7) | Pinning in situ; Modified Dunn | No, in in situ; Yes, in modified Dunn | Dunn procedure 15.6 ± 7 months In situ pinning 31.4 ± 22.2 months |
Ulici 2017 [53] | Cross-sectional study, Romania | Not stated | 15 patients | 12.5 (9–16) | Pinning | No, in in situ | 30 months |
Upsani 2014 [54] | Cross-sectional study, USA | Not stated | 26 patients | 12.6 boys (11–16) 11.4 girls (9–17) | Modified Dunn | Yes | 2.6 years (1–8 years) |
Vanhegan 2015 [55] | Cross-sectional study, UK | Delayed | 57 (22) | 13.1 (9.6–20.3) | Subcapital osteotomy (cuneiform) | Yes | 7 years (2.8–13.9 years) |
Walton 2015 [19] | Cross-sectional study, UK | Not stated | 45 patients | 12.6 (10–14) 12.6 (9–14) | Closed unintentional reduction; Subcapital osteotomy (cuneiform) | Yes, in closed unintentional reduction and in subcapital osteotomy | 28 months (11–48 months) 30 months (10–50 months) |
Zang 2018 [56] | Cross-sectional study, Japan | Not stated | 3 unstable hips | 11.8 (8–14) | Subcapital osteotomy (cuneiform) | Yes | 4.5 years (1.5–9.9 years) |
3.3. Outcomes
3.4. Quality Assessment and Publication Bias
3.5. Sensitivity Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subgroups | Number of Studies Analyzed | Number of Subjects | Analyses Estimating the Prevalence | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence of AVN [95% CI] | Heterogeneity (I2) | |||
Pinning in situ | 13 | 188 | 18.5% [13.3–25.1%] | 0% |
Pinning following intentional closed reduction | 10 | 216 | 23.0% [15.3–33.0%] | 44% |
Pinning following unintentional closed reduction | 4 | 58 | 27.6% [12.2–51.0%] | 45% |
Pinning following intentional and unintentional closed reduction | 14 | 274 | 24.2% [17.2–33.0%] | 41% |
Open reduction via the Parsch method | 4 | 79 | 9.9% [3.2–27.0%] | 27% |
Subcapital osteotomy via the anterior or anterolateral approach | 7 | 141 | 18.9% [11.7–29.1%] | 22% |
Modified Dunn via surgical hip dislocation | 14 | 185 | 19.9% [11.7–31.8%] | 48% |
Studies | Severity of Slip (79 Cases) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mild | Moderate | Severe | AVN (%) | Total | |
Chen 2009 | NR | NR | NR | 0 (0%) | 5 |
Herngren 2018 | NR | NR | NR | 1 (50%) | 2 |
Parsch 2009 | 20 (31.2%) (0 AVN) | 24 (37.5%) (2 AVN) | 20 (31.2%) (1 AVN) | 3 (5%) | 64 |
Sankar 2010 | NR | NR | NR | 1 (12%) | 8 |
Severity | Pinning In Situ | Pinning with Intentional Closed Reduction | Pinning with Unintentional Closed Reduction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | AVN | Cases | AVN | ||
Mild | 26/73 (36%) | 5 (19.2%) | 19/185 (10%) | 3 (15.7%) | No analysis, since no severity assessed in this group |
Moderate | 21/73 (29%) | 4 (19.0%) | 98/185 (53%) | 16 (16.3%) | |
Severe | 26/73 (36%) | 5 (19.2%) | 68/185 (37%) | 17 (25.0%) |
Severity | Parsch Method | Subcapital Osteotomy | Modified Dunn | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | AVN | Cases | AVN | Cases | AVN | |
Mild | 20/64 (31%) | 0 | 1/108 (0.9%) | 0 | 1/54 (1.8%) | 1 (100%) |
Moderate | 24/64 (38%) | 2 (8.3%) | 0 | 0 | 5/54 (9.2%) | 2 (40%) |
Severe | 20/64 (31%) | 1 (5%) | 107/108 (99.1%) | 15 (14.0%) | 48/54 (88.9%) | 5 (10.4%) |
Strategies of Sensitivity Analyses | Prevalence of AVN [95% CI] (%) | Difference in Pooled Prevalence Compared to the Main Result | Number of Studies Analyzed | Total Number of Subjects | Heterogeneity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I2 | p-Value | |||||
Closed Pinning | ||||||
Excluding low- and moderate-quality studies | 24.5 [18.8–31.3] | 2.6% higher | 7 | 194 | 7% | 0.37 |
Considering only cross-sectional studies | 21.9 [16.3–28.7] | 0.0% | 15 | 339 | 32% | 0.11 |
Excluding outlier studies | 21.9 [17.5–27.2] | 0.0% | 19 | 452 | 26% | 0.15 |
Open Reduction | ||||||
Excluding low- and moderate-quality studies | 12.6 [8.6–18.2] | 5.9% lower | 9 | 208 | 0% | 0.52 |
Considering only cross-sectional studies | 16.4 [11.5–22.8] | 2.1% lower | 18 | 305 | 19% | 0.23 |
Excluding outlier studies | 16.8% [12.6–26.3] | 1.7 lower | 23 | 405 | 49% | <0.01 |
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Veramuthu, V.; Munajat, I.; Islam, M.A.; Mohd, E.F.; Sulaiman, A.R. Prevalence of Avascular Necrosis Following Surgical Treatments in Unstable Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Children 2022, 9, 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091374
Veramuthu V, Munajat I, Islam MA, Mohd EF, Sulaiman AR. Prevalence of Avascular Necrosis Following Surgical Treatments in Unstable Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Children. 2022; 9(9):1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091374
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeramuthu, Vijayanagan, Ismail Munajat, Md Asiful Islam, Emil Fazliq Mohd, and Abdul Razak Sulaiman. 2022. "Prevalence of Avascular Necrosis Following Surgical Treatments in Unstable Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Children 9, no. 9: 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9091374