Invasive Infections Associated with the Use of Probiotics in Children: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
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- Publication data: title and authors of the article, name and year of the journal, volume, number, and pages of the articles.
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- Patient information: age, gender, underlying condition(s), exposure time to probiotics (in days), type and duration of the treatment (in days), and outcome (favourable or death).
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- Type of infection: identified microorganisms.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ref. | Etiologic Agent * | Infection Type | Sex, Age | Underlying Condition(s) | Lenght of Probiotic Intake (Days) | Treatment (Days) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[27] | L. rhamnosus GG | Sepsis | M, 4 months | Prematurity (36 weeks), short bowel syndrome, gastrostomy, cholestasis, chronic intestinal inflammation | 23 | cro+ amp (10) | Favourable |
[27] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | M, 6 months | Prematurity (34 weeks), gastroschisis, short bowel syndrome, TPN, cholestasis, chronic intestinal inflammation | 169 | cro+ amp (10) | Favourable |
[28] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | F, 6 years | Cerebral palsy, epilepsy, jejunostomy feeding, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, CVC | 44 | NA (10) | Favourable |
[28] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | M, 6 weeks | CHD, cardiac surgery, epilepsy, AKI, respiratory support, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, CVC | 20 | pen G+ gen (24) | Favourable |
[29] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | F, 3 months | Trisomy 18 and triple-X syndromes, CHD, respiratory support, CVC | 88 | cli (10) | Favourable |
[29] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | M, 18 days | Prematurity (23 weeks), non-invasive respiratory support, CVC | 16 | gen (10) | Favourable |
[30] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | M, 11 months | Prematurity (26 weeks), short bowel syndrome, cholestasis, cirrhosis, hypothyroidism, megaloblastic anaemia, CLD of infancy, CVC | 35 | amp+ gen (7) | Favourable |
[31] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | M, 6 days | IUGR | 4 | tic+ca (14) | Favourable |
[32] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | F, 18 days | Prematurity (25 weeks) | 15 | amp (17) | Favourable |
[32] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | M, NA | Prematurity, CVC | neighbour | amp | Favourable |
[32] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | M, NA | Prematurity, CVC | neighbour | amp | Favourable |
[33] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Bacteremia | M, 17 years | UC, concurrent enteric infection, immunosuppressive treatment, C. difficile colitis | 5 | tzp+ gen (5) | Favourable |
[34] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | M, 2 months | Prematurity (25 weeks), spontaneous intestinal perforation, ileostomy | 45 | pen G (10) | Favourable |
[35] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | F, 26 days | Prematurity (26 weeks), CVC | 12 | amp+ tzp (10) | Favourable |
[36] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Pneumonia | F, 11 months | Trisomy 21, esophageal surgery, gastrostomy, RSV infection | 90 | sam (10) | Favourable |
[37] | L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC53103) | Sepsis | NA, 20 days | Prematurity (23 weeks) | 19 | NA | Favourable |
[38] | L. reuteri (ATCC55730) | Sepsis | M, 2 days | Prematurity (27 weeks), respiratory support, UC | 2 | NA | death |
Ref. | Etiologic Agent | Infection Type | Sex, Age | Underlying Condition(s) | Lenght of Probiotic Intake (Days) | Treatment (Days) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[39] | S. boulardii | Sepsis | M, 14 years | Burn, CVC | 7 | fc+ amB | favourable |
[40] | S. boulardii | Fungemia | F, 1 year | Gastroenteritis, malnutrition, CVC | 13 | flz | favourable |
[41] | S. cerevisiae | Sepsis | F, 17 days | Prematurity (26 weeks), CVC | 1 | NA | favourable |
[42] | S. boulardii | Sepsis | M, NA | Prematurity (27 weeks), UVC, TPN | NA | mica | death |
[42] | S. boulardii | Sepsis | M, NA | Prematurity (31 weeks), late-onset sepsis | NA | mica (14) | favourable |
[43] | S. cerevisiae | Fungemia | NA, 8 months | AML, chemotherapy, neutropenia, CVC | 1 | L-amB (14) | favourable |
[44] | S. cerevisiae | Sepsis | M, 3 weeks | Prematurity (30 weeks, IUGR) | 4 | NA (14) | favourable |
[45] | S. cerevisiae | Sepsis | M, 3.5 months | Undiagnosed combined immunodeficiency | NA | amB (20) | favourable |
[46] | S. cerevisiae | Sepsis | M, 8 years | Cerebral palsy, gastrostomy, aspiration pneumonia, CLD, CVC | NA | amB (14) | favourable |
[47] | S. cerevisiae | Sepsis | F, 32 days | Esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula, CVC | neighbour | amB (21) | favourable |
[48] | S. cerevisiae | Sepsis | M, 1 year | Trisomy 21, cardiac surgery, respiratory support, tracheostomy, dialysis catheter, malnutrition, CVC | 4 | amB (15) | favourable |
[49] | S. boulardii | Sepsis | M, 30 months | Ileal atresia, small bowel resection, cystic fibrosis, malnutrition, TPN, CVC | 300 | amB (21) | favourable |
[50] | S. cerevisiae | Fungemia | M, 3 months | CHD, TPN, CVC | 10 | L-amB | favourable |
[50] | S. cerevisiae | Fungemia | F, 1 month | Intestinal atresia, small bowel resection, TPN, CVC | neighbour | NA | favourable |
Ref. | Etiologic Agent * | Infection Type | Sex, Age | Underlying Condition(s) | Lenght of Probiotic Intake (Days) | Treatment (DAYs) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[51] | B. longum infantis BIC 1206122787 | Sepsis | F, 14 days | Prematurity (26 weeks), intussusception | 9 | caz+van (7), then ipm (7) | favourable |
[51] | B. longum infantis BIC 140111125 | Sepsis | F, 10 days | Prematurity (28 weeks), NEC | 4 | caz+amk+mtz | favourable |
[52] | B. longum | Bacteriemia | F, 20 days | Prematurity (30 weeks), respiratory support, periumbilical infection (Staphylococcus aureus) | 19 | flx+gen (2) | favourable |
[52] | B. longum | Bacteriemia | M, 20 days | Prematurity (28 weeks), respiratory support, BPD, UVC | 14 | amx+gen (2) | favourable |
[52] | B. longum | Bacteriemia | F, 11 days | Prematurity (29 weeks), respiratory support, NEC | 10 | amc+gen | favourable |
[53] | B. longum infantis ATCC15697 | Sepsis | M, 2 weeks | Prematurity (23 weeks), spontaneous intestinal perforation | NA | ctx+gen | favourable |
[53] | B. longum infantis ATCC15697 | Sepsis | F, 5 weeks | Prematurity (24 weeks), NEC | NA | amp+gen+mtz | favourable |
[53] | B. longum infantis ATCC15697 | Bacteremia | M, 2 weeks | Prematurity (24 weeks) | NA | none | favourable |
[54] | B. longum infantis ATCC15697 | Sepsis | NA, 18 days | Prematurity (27 weeks) | 9 | ctx+van+mtz | favourable |
[55] | B. spp | Bacteriemia | NA, 15 months | Heart disease (dilated cardiomyopathy, valvopathies, heart failure), ECMO, CVC | 8 | van+mem (7) | favourable |
[56] | B. breve BBG-01 | Bacteriemia | M, 8 days | Prematurity (36 weeks), cloacal exstrophy, omphalocele, imperforate anus, cystourethroplasty and colostomy, resection of the small intestine | 8 | cez+van | favourable |
[57] | B. breve | Sepsis | M, 2 years | Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, chemotherapy | NA | tpz+van+gen, then pen | favourable |
[58] | B. breve BBG-01 | Bacteriemia | F, 10 days | IUGR, abdominal surgery for omphalocele | NA | NA | favourable |
[58] | B. breve BBG-01 | Bacteriemia | M, 23 days | Preterm, Trisomy 21, Hirschsprung disease | NA | NA | favourable |
[59] | B. breve BBG-01 | Sepsis | M, 10 days | Prematurity (37 weeks), abdominal surgery for omphalocele, CVC | 8 | sam (2), amk (8), mem (10) | favourable |
Ref. | Etiologic Agent * | Infection Type | Sex, Age | Underlying Condition(s) | Lenght of Probiotic Intake (Days) | Treatment (DAYs) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[60] | Bacillus clausii | Bacteremia | F, 17 months | No comorbidity, immunocompetent | 4 | amp, then lvx + gen, then van+ gen | favourable |
[61] | Bacillus clausii | Sepsis | M, 5 months | Surgically corrected CHD | 58 | van (21) then mem+ cst | death |
[62] | E. coli NISSLE 1917 | Sepsis | NA 25 days | Prematurity (28 weeks) | 10 | mem+ van+ IVIg | favourable |
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D’Agostin, M.; Squillaci, D.; Lazzerini, M.; Barbi, E.; Wijers, L.; Da Lozzo, P. Invasive Infections Associated with the Use of Probiotics in Children: A Systematic Review. Children 2021, 8, 924. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100924
D’Agostin M, Squillaci D, Lazzerini M, Barbi E, Wijers L, Da Lozzo P. Invasive Infections Associated with the Use of Probiotics in Children: A Systematic Review. Children. 2021; 8(10):924. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100924
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Agostin, Martina, Domenica Squillaci, Marzia Lazzerini, Egidio Barbi, Lotte Wijers, and Prisca Da Lozzo. 2021. "Invasive Infections Associated with the Use of Probiotics in Children: A Systematic Review" Children 8, no. 10: 924. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100924