Assessment of Parents’ Oral Health Literacy and Its Association with Caries Experience of Their Preschool Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inter-Examiner and Intra-Examiner Reliability Assessment
2.2. Research Tool
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Sociodemographic Profile
4. Discussion
4.1. Strength of the Study
4.2. Limitation of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
Age of the Parent | |
22–33 years | 136 (59.1) |
34–43 years | 79 (34.4) |
44 years and above | 15 (6.5) |
Gender of the Parent | |
Female | 206 (89.6) |
Male | 24 (10.4) |
Ethnicity | |
Malay | 211 (91.7) |
Chinese | 9 (4.3) |
Indian | 10 (3.9) |
Education | |
Primary School | 19 (8.3) |
High School | 52 (22.6) |
Vocational | 32 (13.9) |
Diploma | 42 (18.3) |
University | 85 (37) |
Employment | |
Employed | 129 (56.1) |
Unemployed | 101 (43.9) |
Age of the Child | |
3 years | 32 (13.9) |
4 years | 54 (23.5) |
5 years | 67 (29.1) |
6 years | 77 (33.5) |
Gender of the Child | |
Male | 92 (40) |
Female | 138 (60) |
Variables | Caries Status | Dmft | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caries Present | Caries Absent | Mean ± SD | ||
OHL level | ||||
Inadequate | 101 | 0 | 7.49 ± 4.10 | <0.001 * |
Marginal | 44 | 13 | 3.28 ± 2.67 | |
Adequate | 11 | 61 | 0.55 ± 1.55 | |
Employment | ||||
Employed | 66 | 63 | 2.79 ± 3.65 | <0.001 * |
Unemployed | 90 | 11 | 6.11 ± 4.43 | |
Education | ||||
Primary school | 19 | 0 | 10.7 ± 4.10 | <0.001 * |
Secondary school | 52 | 0 | 7.04 ± 3.68 | |
Vocational | 32 | 4 | 5.81 ± 3.57 | |
Diploma | 27 | 11 | 2.61 ± 2.81 | |
University | 26 | 59 | 1.29 ± 2.27 |
Variables | Caries Free | Caries Present | Decayed | Missing | Filled | Dmft Mean ± SD | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||||
3 years | 26 | 06 | 0.65 ± 1.65 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.62 ± 0.24 | 0.71 ± 1.78 | <0.001 * |
4 years | 34 | 20 | 1.09 ± 2.07 | 0.01 ± 0.13 | 0.25 ± 0.70 | 1.37 ± 2.60 | |
5 years | 11 | 56 | 4.25 ± 3.00 | 0.10 ± 0.35 | 1.00 ± 1.30 | 5.35 ± 4.14 | |
6 years | 03 | 74 | 5.50 ± 3.28 | 0.22 ± 0.47 | 1.12 ± 1.15 | 6.85 ± 4.16 | |
Total | 74 | 156 | 3.43 ± 3.40 | 0.10 ± 0.35 | 0.73 ± 1.11 | 4.27 ± 4.36 | |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 24 | 68 | 4.04 ± 3.45 | 0.17 ± 0.45 | 0.91 ± 1.29 | 5.13 ± 4.59 | 0.01 * |
Female | 50 | 88 | 3.02 ± 3.31 | 0.65 ± 0.24 | 0.62 ± 0.73 | 3.71 ± 4.12 | |
Total | 74 | 156 | 3.43 ± 3.40 | 0.10 ± 0.35 | 0.73 ± 1.11 | 4.27 ± 4.36 |
Sl No. | Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dmft | 1.000 | ||||||||
2 | OHL | −0.753 ** | 1.000 | |||||||
3 | Age of parents | 0.097 | −0.036 | 1.000 | ||||||
4 | Gender of parents | −0.052 | −0.126 | −0.151 * | 1.000 | |||||
5 | Ethnicity | −0.270 ** | 0.283 ** | −0.058 | 0.053 | 1.000 | ||||
6 | Education | −0.642 ** | 0.865 ** | 0.008 | −0.175 ** | 0.195 ** | 1.000 | |||
7 | Employment | 0.403 ** | −0.490 ** | −0.025 | 0.245 ** | −0.138 * | −0.537 ** | 1.000 | ||
8 | Age of child | 0.613 ** | −0.710 ** | 0.009 | 0.097 | −0.088 | −0.652 ** | 0.468 ** | 1.000 | |
9 | Gender of child | −0.106 | 0.140 * | −0.152 * | 0.070 | 0.056 | 0.150 * | −0.029 | −0.121 | 1.000 |
Variable | OHL Level | χ2 (df) | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adequate | Marginal | Inadequate | |||
Age | |||||
22–33 | 43(18.7%) | 36(15.7%) | 57(24.8%) | 0.931(4) | 0.92 |
34–43 | 25(7.4%) | 17(7.4%) | 37(16.1%) | ||
44 and above | 4(1.7%) | 4(1.7%) | 7(3%) | ||
Gender | |||||
Female | 64(27.8%) | 45(19.6%) | 97(42.2%) | 11.441(2) | 0.03 * |
Male | 8(3.5%) | 12(5.2%) | 4(1.7%) | ||
Ethnicity | |||||
Malay | 58(25.2%) | 53(23%) | 100(43.5%) | 21.097(4) | 0.000 * |
Chinese | 6(2.6%) | 3(1.3%) | 1(0.4%) | ||
Indian | 8(3.5%) | 1(0.4%) | 0(0%) | ||
Education | |||||
Primary | 0(0%) | 0(0%) | 19(8.3%) | 231.502(8) | 0.000 * |
High school | 0(0%) | 1(0.4%) | 51(22.2%) | ||
Vocational | 0(0%) | 4(1.7%) | 28(12.2%) | ||
Diploma | 12(5.2%) | 27(11.7%) | 3(1.3%) | ||
University | 60(26.1%) | 25(10.9%) | 0(0%) | ||
Employment | |||||
Employed | 59(25.7%) | 42(18.3%) | 28(12.2%) | 59.704(2) | 0.000 * |
Unemployed | 13(5.7%) | 15(6.5%) | 73(31.7%) |
Variable | Adjusted Model | p Value | Unadjusted Model | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI, Lower-Upper) | OR (95% CI, Lower-Upper) | ||||
Caries status | Parents age | ||||
22–33 years | 1 | 1 | |||
34–43 years | 2.406 (0.777–7.449) | 0.128 | 1.556 (0.845–2.862) | 0.155 | |
44 above | 1.389 (0.161–27.399) | 0.563 | 1.549 (0.468–5.126) | 0.474 | |
Gender | 0.067 (0.012–0.360) | 0.002 | 0.676 (0.257–1.782) | 0.429 | |
Employment | 3.247 (0.897–11.754) | 0.073 | 7.810 (3.821–15.963) | <0.001 | |
OHLM | 0.042 (0.016–0.114) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.018–0.085) | <0.001 | |
Childs age | 2.195 (1.249–3.857) | 0.006 | 5.455 (3.537–8.414) | <0.001 |
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Adil, A.H.; Eusufzai, S.Z.; Kamruddin, A.; Wan Ahmad, W.M.A.; Jamayet, N.B.; Karobari, M.I.; Alam, M.K. Assessment of Parents’ Oral Health Literacy and Its Association with Caries Experience of Their Preschool Children. Children 2020, 7, 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7080101
Adil AH, Eusufzai SZ, Kamruddin A, Wan Ahmad WMA, Jamayet NB, Karobari MI, Alam MK. Assessment of Parents’ Oral Health Literacy and Its Association with Caries Experience of Their Preschool Children. Children. 2020; 7(8):101. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7080101
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdil, Abdul Habeeb, Sumaiya Zabin Eusufzai, Aimi Kamruddin, Wan Muhamad Amir Wan Ahmad, Nafij Bin Jamayet, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, and Mohammad Khursheed Alam. 2020. "Assessment of Parents’ Oral Health Literacy and Its Association with Caries Experience of Their Preschool Children" Children 7, no. 8: 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7080101