Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Terms of Youth School Performance: Ruling out Regression toward the Mean
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Settings
2.2. Sample and Sampling
2.3. Study Variables
2.4. Statistics
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Univariate Analysis
3.2. ANOVA Results
3.3. Data Visualization
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All n = 10,262 | ||
---|---|---|
n | % | |
Ethnicity | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 6398 | 62.4 |
Hispanic White | 2335 | 22.7 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1529 | 14.9 |
Age | ||
<18 Years | 4335 | 42.3 |
18+ Years | 5913 | 57.7 |
Gender | ||
Female | 5062 | 51.6 |
Male | 4739 | 48.4 |
Parents Present in the Household | ||
One | 3258 | 32.0 |
Two | 6939 | 68.0 |
Parental Education | ||
Some Highschool | 991 | 10.7 |
Highschool Graduate | 1426 | 15.4 |
Some College | 1611 | 17.3 |
College Graduate | 3132 | 33.7 |
Graduate School | 2128 | 22.9 |
Parental Education | ||
Some Highschool | 991 | 10.7 |
Highschool Graduate | 1426 | 15.4 |
Some College | 1611 | 17.3 |
College Graduate | 3132 | 33.7 |
Graduate School | 2128 | 22.9 |
Mean | SD | |
School Performance | 6.69 | 1.86 |
Hispanic | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Parental Education | ||||||
Some Highschool | 687 | 35.5 | 204 | 3.4 | 100 | 7.9 |
Highschool Graduate | 422 | 21.8 | 778 | 12.8 | 226 | 17.8 |
Some College | 349 | 18.0 | 986 | 16.2 | 276 | 21.7 |
College Graduate | 270 | 14.0 | 2482 | 40.8 | 380 | 29.9 |
Graduate School | 206 | 10.7 | 1632 | 26.8 | 290 | 22.8 |
All | 1934 | 100.0 | 6082 | 100.0 | 1272 | 100.0 |
All | Non-Hispanic Whites | Blacks | Hispanics | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Some Highschool | 6.16 | 1.98 | 6.49 | 2.16 | 6.67 | 1.99 | 6.00 | 1.89 |
Highschool Graduate | 6.30 | 1.91 | 6.43 | 1.98 | 6.16 | 1.84 | 6.13 | 1.81 |
Some College | 6.58 | 1.87 | 6.77 | 1.86 | 6.22 | 1.80 | 6.32 | 1.89 |
College Graduate | 6.86 | 1.80 | 6.99 | 1.78 | 6.43 | 1.76 | 6.21 | 1.87 |
Graduate School | 7.34 | 1.58 | 7.49 | 1.50 | 6.84 | 1.76 | 6.85 | 1.66 |
p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
All | Non-Hispanic Whites | Non-Hispanic Blacks | Hispanics | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(J) Parental Education | Mean Difference (I-J) | SE | p | Mean Difference (I-J) | SE | p | Mean Difference (I-J) | SE | p | Mean Difference (I-J) | SE | p | |
Some Highschool | Highschool Graduate | −0.13 | 0.07 | 0.368 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.995 | 0.51 | 0.22 | 0.127 | −0.13 | 0.11 | 0.764 |
Some College | −0.42 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | −0.29 | 0.14 | 0.215 | 0.45 | 0.21 | 0.206 | −0.33 | 0.12 | 0.054 | |
College Graduate | −0.69 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | −0.51 * | 0.13 | 0.001 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.772 | −0.22 | 0.13 | 0.466 | |
Graduate School | −1.18 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | −1.01 * | 0.13 | <0.001 | −0.17 | 0.21 | 0.924 | −0.86 * | 0.15 | <0.001 | |
Highschool Graduate | Some Highschool | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.368 | −0.05 | 0.14 | 0.995 | −0.51 | 0.22 | 0.127 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.764 |
Some College | −0.28 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | −0.34 * | 0.08 | 0.001 | −0.06 | 0.16 | 0.995 | −0.19 | 0.13 | 0.598 | |
College Graduate | −0.56 * | 0.06 | <0.001 | −0.56 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | −0.27 | 0.15 | 0.365 | −0.08 | 0.14 | 0.977 | |
Graduate School | −1.04 * | 0.06 | <0.001 | −1.06 * | 0.08 | <0.001 | −0.68 * | 0.16 | <0.001 | −0.72 * | 0.16 | <0.001 | |
Some College | Some Highschool | 0.42 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.215 | −0.45 | 0.21 | 0.206 | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.054 |
Highschool Graduate | 0.28 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.34 * | 0.08 | 0.001 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.995 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.598 | |
College Graduate | −0.28 * | 0.06 | <0.001 | −0.22 * | 0.07 | 0.009 | −0.21 | 0.14 | 0.565 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.950 | |
Graduate School | −0.76 * | 0.06 | <0.001 | −0.72 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | −0.62 * | 0.15 | 0.000 | −0.53 * | 0.16 | 0.010 | |
College Graduate | Some Highschool | 0.69 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.51 * | 0.13 | 0.001 | −0.24 | 0.20 | 0.772 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.466 |
Highschool Graduate | 0.56 * | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.56 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.365 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.977 | |
Some College | 0.28 * | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.22 * | 0.07 | 0.009 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.565 | −0.11 | 0.15 | 0.950 | |
Graduate School | −0.49 * | 0.05 | <0.001 | −0.50 * | 0.06 | <0.001 | −0.41 * | 0.14 | 0.031 | −0.64 * | 0.17 | 0.002 | |
Graduate School | Some Highschool | 1.18 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | 1.01 * | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 0.924 | 0.86 * | 0.15 | <0.001 |
Highschool Graduate | 1.04 * | 0.06 | <0.001 | 1.06 * | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.68 * | 0.16 | <0.001 | 0.72 * | 0.16 | <0.001 | |
Some College | 0.76 * | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.72 * | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.62 * | 0.15 | <0.001 | 0.53 * | 0.16 | 0.010 | |
College Graduate | 0.49 * | 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.50 * | 0.06 | <0.001 | 0.41 * | 0.14 | 0.031 | 0.64 * | 0.17 | 0.002 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | n | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean |
Some Highschool | 991 | 6.16 | |||
Highschool Graduate | 1426 | 6.30 | |||
Some College | 1611 | 6.58 | |||
College Graduate | 3132 | 6.86 | |||
Graduate School | 2128 | 7.34 | |||
p value | 0.212 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
NHWs | |||||
Some Highschool | 778 | 6.43 | |||
Highschool Graduate | 204 | 6.49 | |||
Some College | 986 | 6.77 | |||
College Graduate | 2482 | 6.99 | |||
Graduate School | 1632 | 7.49 | |||
p value | 0.985 | 0.192 | 1.000 | ||
NHBs | |||||
Some Highschool | 226 | 6.16 | |||
Highschool Graduate | 276 | 6.22 | 6.22 | ||
Some College | 380 | 6.43 | 6.43 | 6.43 | |
College Graduate | 100 | 6.67 | 6.67 | ||
Graduate School | 290 | 6.84 | |||
p value | 0.528 | 0.083 | 0.145 | ||
HWs | |||||
Some Highschool | 687 | 6.00 | |||
Highschool Graduate | 422 | 6.13 | |||
Some College | 270 | 6.21 | |||
College Graduate | 349 | 6.32 | |||
Graduate School | 206 | 6.85 | |||
p value | 0.155 | 1.000 |
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Assari, S.; Boyce, S.; Bazargan, M.; Caldwell, C.H. Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Terms of Youth School Performance: Ruling out Regression toward the Mean. Children 2020, 7, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7070074
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Terms of Youth School Performance: Ruling out Regression toward the Mean. Children. 2020; 7(7):74. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7070074
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssari, Shervin, Shanika Boyce, Mohsen Bazargan, and Cleopatra H. Caldwell. 2020. "Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Terms of Youth School Performance: Ruling out Regression toward the Mean" Children 7, no. 7: 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7070074