Hypo- and Hypernatremia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the First 10 Days of Life: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Structured Literature Review
2.2. Data Handling
3. Results
3.1. Structured Literature Review
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Cohort Specific Sodium Deviation Pattern of Each Postnatal Day (1–8) Compared to the Cohort Mean Sodium Value [1,3,7,17,18,19,20,21]
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Study Design | Groups | Number of Neonates Included | Weeks of Gestation at Birth | Birth Weight | Follow Up Period | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Costarino et al. [7] | Randomized controlled trial | Sodium restriction | 9 | 27 ± 1 weeks | 870 ± 120 g | 5 days | Renal malformation, renal arterial or venous thrombosis, Apgar score of <5 at 5 min. |
No sodium restriction | 8 | 27 ± 1 weeks | 820 ± 130 g | ||||
Wada et al. [1] | Retrospective case–control | Cases | 17 | 22.9 ± 0.6 weeks | 493.4 ± 66.2 g | 7 days | Congenital anomalies, severe infections or symptomatic persistent ductus arteriosus. |
Controls | 72 | 25.6 ± 0.7 weeks | 777.8 ± 99.1 g | ||||
Boubred et al. [17] | Retrospective cohort study | AGA | 36 | 25.1 ± 0.9 weeks | 837 ± 146 g | 5 days | On the national growth curves for children. Congenital malformations or severe illness requiring medication that could influence the electrolyte balance, such as insulin, NSAIDs, diuretics. Infants who died during the study period. Lacking laboratory variables on days 1–4. |
SGA | 12 | 25.9 ± 1.1 weeks | 665 ± 109 g | ||||
Monnikendam et al. [3] | Retrospective cohort study | 12,428 | N/A | N/A | 7 days | Significant congenital anomalies, death/transfer within 7 days of birth or missing daily sodium in the first 7 days of life leaving. | |
Diderholm et al. [18] | Retrospective cohort study | Restricted fluid intake | 63 | 25.2 ± 1.2 weeks | 744 ± 192 g | 5 days | Died or transferred to other units within the first week of life. |
Liberal fluid intake | 112 | 25.1 ± 1.1 weeks | 718 ± 156 g | ||||
Eibensteiner et al. [19] | Retrospective cohort study | 94 included, 90 analyzed | Mean: 24 + 6/7 weeks | 718 g | 14 days | Death within 24 h of birth, acute kidney injury (serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL), syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, adrenogenital syndrome, diabetes insipidus. | |
Bhandari et al. [20] | Retrospective case–control | Pre-Tegaderm | 39 | 26.1 ± 1.9 weeks | 756 ± 158 g | 7 days | N/A |
Tegaderm | 30 | 26.3 ± 1.8 | 802 ± 160 g | ||||
Takahashi et al. [21] | Retrospective cohort study | AGA | 72 | 25.9 ± 1.7 weeks | 787.35 ± 148.5 g | 7 days | Died, had PDA, intestinal obstruction and severe infection. |
SGA | 28 | 28.9 ± 2.6 weeks | 762.2 ± 156.3 g |
Author | Cutoff for Hyponatremia | Cutoff for Hypernatremia | Incidence of Hyponatremia | Incidence of Hypernatremia | Peak Sodium | Incubator Settings | Fluid Regimen | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Costarino et al. [7] | Sodium restriction | <130 mEq/L | >150 mEq/L | 22.22% | 0% | Day 2 | Radiant warmers + transparent plastic blankets. | 3–4 mEq/kg/day of sodium, volume of fluid determined by physician. |
No sodium restriction | 0% | 25% | Day 2 | Maintenance sodium supplementation, volume of fluid determined by physician. | ||||
Wada et al. [1] | Cases | <130 mEq/L | >150 mEq/L | 17.70% | 29% | Day 4 | Closed incubator, near 100% humidity day 0–3, then highly humidified environment >80%. | Solution of 7.5% glucose mixed with calcium gluconate in the ratio of 19:1 (or 18:2) at 50 mL/kg per day. |
Controls | 26.40% | 9.70% | Day 4 | |||||
Boubred et al. [17] | AGA | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Day 3 | N/A | Day 1: total parenteral nutrition provided glucose (6 g/kg/day), protein (2 g/kg/day) and lipid (1 g/kg/day. Progressively increased until they reached 4 g/kg/day protein and 3 g/kg/day lipids by the end of the first week. |
SGA | N/A | N/A | Day 2 | |||||
Monnikendam et al. [3] | 125–134 mEq/L, <125 mEq/L for severe | 145–154 mEq/L, >154 mEq/L for severe | <135: 35.1% | 145–154: 65.4%, >154 21.7% | Day 2 | N/A | N/A | |
Diderholm et al. [18] | Restricted fluid intake | <130 mmol/L | >145 mmol/L moderate, >150 mmol/L severe | 21% | >145: 29%, >150: 10% | Day 3 | First week: humidity of 85%, after: humidity of 50% | Total fluids 95 mL/kg/day (GA 22–24 weeks) and 85 mL/kg/d (GA 25–26 weeks). Increase in fluid with 10 mL/kg/d, to be adjusted at the discretion of the attending neonatologist. |
Liberal fluid intake | 21% | >145: 36%, >150: 11% | Day 4 | |||||
Eibensteiner et al. [19] | N/A | >145 mEq/L: mild, >150 mEq/L: severe | N/A | >145: 92.2%, >150: 64.4% | Day 3 | Double-wall incubators with humidity 85–90%, humidity was reduced by 5%/week. | N/A | |
Bhandari et al. [20] | No Tegaderm | N/A | > 150 mEq/L | N/A | 51% | Day 3 | Initially in radiant warmers, incubators when clinically stable. | N/A |
Tegaderm | N/A | 17% | Day 4 | |||||
Takahashi et al. [21] | AGA | <130 mEq/L | >150 mEq/L | 27.59% | 8.62% | Day 4 | Almost full ambient humidity in closed incubator with nebulizer until 4th day of life, 90% humidity without nebulizer after that. | 50–60 mL/kg on first day of life. |
SGA | 52.94% | 5.88% | Day 3 |
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Pace, M.; van Sas, S.; Salaets, T.; Laenen, A.; Raaijmakers, A.; Allegaert, K. Hypo- and Hypernatremia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the First 10 Days of Life: A Review. Children 2025, 12, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12020231
Pace M, van Sas S, Salaets T, Laenen A, Raaijmakers A, Allegaert K. Hypo- and Hypernatremia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the First 10 Days of Life: A Review. Children. 2025; 12(2):231. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12020231
Chicago/Turabian StylePace, Myrna, Stijn van Sas, Thomas Salaets, Annouschka Laenen, Anke Raaijmakers, and Karel Allegaert. 2025. "Hypo- and Hypernatremia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the First 10 Days of Life: A Review" Children 12, no. 2: 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12020231
APA StylePace, M., van Sas, S., Salaets, T., Laenen, A., Raaijmakers, A., & Allegaert, K. (2025). Hypo- and Hypernatremia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the First 10 Days of Life: A Review. Children, 12(2), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12020231