Prenatal Vitamin B12 and Children’s Brain Development and Cognitive, Language and Motor Outcomes: A Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
Study Design | Location | Participants | Method Used to Assess Prenatal Vitamin B12 Level/Method of Supplementation | Time Maternal Vitamin B12 Assessed | Vitamin B12 Intake/Vitamin B12 Status/Vitamin B12 Supplement Dose | Child Age at Assessment | Assessment Measures | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studies with Associations | ||||||||
Bhate et al., 2012 [30] | Prospective Cohort Study; (Pune Maternal Nutrition Study; PUNE) | India | 123 mother–child pairs | Maternal blood samples; Semi-quantitative food frequencyquestionnaire (FFQ) | Blood sampled at 28 & 34 weeks of gestation | Sufficient vitamin B12 defined as >150 pmol/L | 2 years | Developmental Assessment Scale for Indian Infants (DASII); Vineland Social Maturity Scale |
Bhate et al., 2008 [31] | Prospective Cohort Study (Pune Maternal Nutrition Study; PUNE) | India | 118 mother–child pairs | Maternal blood samples | Blood sampled at 28 weeks of gestation | Low plasma vitamin B12 concentrations defined as <77 pmol/L; High plasma vitamin B12 defined as >224 pmol/L | 9 years | Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (Raven’s CPM); Visual Recognition; Color Trail Test (CTT); Digit Span Test |
Bonilla et al., 2012 [32] | Prospective Cohort Study (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children ALSPAC) | United Kingdom | 4787 mother–child pairs | FFQ | FFQ completed at 32 weeks of gestation | Not defined | 8 years | Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-3rd Edition (WISC-III) |
Cruz-Rodríguez et al., 2023 [21] | Prospective Cohort Study (The ECLIPSES study) | Spain | 434 mother–child pairs | Maternal blood samples | Blood sampled at 12 and 36 weeks of gestation | Vitamin B12 levels (pg/mL) divided into tertiles: low defined as (<312 pg/mL;medium defined as 312–408 pg/mL;) high defined as ≥409 pg/mL | 40 days postpartum | Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-3rd Edition (BSID-III) |
del Río Garcia et al., 2009 [33] | Prospective Cohort Study | Mexico | 253 mother–child pairs | Semi-quantitative FFQ | FFQ completed in the first trimester of pregnancy | Low vitamin B12 intake defined as <2 µg/day | 1, 3, 6, & 12 months | Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler-2nd Edition (BSID-II) Spanish version |
Golding et al., 2021 [34] | Prospective Cohort Study (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; ALSPAC) | United Kingdom | 6667–4778 mother–child pairs; the number of children who completed neurodevelopmental assessments varied by age | FFQ | FFQ completed at 32 weeks of gestation | Mean intake 4.87 µg/day; Median intake 4.27 µg/day; Intake below the 10th percentile of the distribution was classified as low (i.e., <2.264 µg/day) | Between 2 and 15 years | Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-3rd Edition (WISC-III); Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI); Speech & Language Measures (vocabulary, word combination, intelligibility); Spelling; Reading (word reading, reading speed); Math (mathematical reasoning tests, mental arithmetic); Science (scientific reasoning) |
Lai et al., 2019 [22] | Prospective Cohort Study; (Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes; GUSTO) | Singapore | 443 mother–child pairs | Maternal blood samples | 26–28 weeks of gestation | Deficient (<148 pmol/L); Insufficient (148 to 221 pmol/L);Sufficient (≥221 pmol/L) | 24 months | Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-3rd Edition (BSID-III) |
Neumann et al., 2013 [35] | Prospective Cohort Study (Kenya Project: Nutrition Collaborative Research Support Program) | Kenya | 98 mother–child pairs | Prenatal food intake was measured monthly using a quantitative weighing method (i.e., the food prepared and consumed by the mother was measured by weight and volume) and a dietary recall method; food intake was recorded for 2 consecutive days/month | Women enrolled in the first or second trimester of pregnancy and followed to 6 months postpartum | Low vitamin B12 intake was defined as <500 pg/mL | Within 72 h of birth | Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS) |
Raghavan et al., 2018 [29] | Retrospective Cohort Study (The Boston Birth Cohort) | United States | 1257 mother–child pairs | Maternal blood samples | 24–72 h post-delivery | Lowest vitamin B12 concentrations (<10 percentile; <247 pmol/L) and highest vitamin B12 concentrations (>90th percentile, ≥536.8 pmol/L > deciles) were compared to concentrations that fell in the range of >247 but <536.8 | Not identified | Diagnosis of autism, Asperger syndrome, and/or pervasive developmental obtained from the electronic medical record |
Thomaset al., 2019 [26] | Randomized Control Trial (Parent Randomized Controlled Trial) | India | 218 mother–child pairs | Maternal daily vitamin B12 supplementation from 14 weeks of gestation to 6 weeks postpartum | -- | B12 Supplementation (50 µg/day); Placebo | 30 months | Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-3rd Edition (BSID-III) |
Veena et al., 2010 [36] | Prospective Cohort Study (Mysore Parthenon Birth Cohort) | India | 536 mother–child pairs | Maternal blood samples | 30 ± 2 weeks of gestation | Low vitamin B12 status was defined as concentrations <150 pmol/L | 9–10 years | Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC) |
Villamor et al., 2012 [12] | Prospective Cohort Study (Project Viva) | United States | 1210 mother–child pairs | Maternal self-report 166-item semi-quantitative food FFQ;slightly modified for use in pregnancy | 1st trimester and 2nd\trimester of pregnancy | Average daily intake (µg/day) estimated from the FFQs | 3 years | Peabody Pictures Vocabulary Test III (PPVT-III); WideRange Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities(WRAVMA) |
Studies with No Associations | ||||||||
Ars et al., 2016 [28] | Prospective Cohort Study | Netherlands | 244 mother–child pairs | Maternal blood samples | Early pregnancy (mean gestationalage = 13.5 weeks) | __ | 6–8 years | Snijders-Oomen Niet-VerbaleIntelligence Test; NEPSY-II-NL; Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL); Brain volume outcomes (i.e., total, cortical, and subcortical grey matter, white matter total volumes of the ventricles, thalamus, caudate, putamen, hippocampus) |
Caramaschi et al., 2017 [37] | Prospective Cohort Study (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; ALSPAC) -Prospective cohort study (Genetics of Overweight Young Adults, GOYA) | United Kingdom; Denmark | Study subsamples: ALSPAC (ARIES), N = 641; ALSPAC (NON-ARIES) N = 3843; GOYA N = 916 | Maternal FUT2 genotype was used as a proxy for circulating B12 levels in pregnancy; the FUT2 gene has been associated with serum vitamin B12 levels. | -- | -- | 8 years | Abbreviated version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-3rd Edition (WISC-III) |
Chandyo et al., 2023 [24] | Randomized Control Trial | Nepal | 800 mother–child pairs | Maternal supplementation commenced prior to 15 weeks’ gestation and continued to 6 months postpartum | -- | B12 supplementation (50 µg/day); Placebo | 6 and 12 months | Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-3rd Edition (BSID-III) |
Sadat-Hossieny et al., 2021 [38] | Retrospective Cohort Study Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (NEAD) study | United States & United Kingdom | 305 mother–child pairs | Block 98 FFQ | Throughout pregnancy (not definedat what stage) | -- | 6 years | Differential Ability Scales (DAS-II) |
Srinivasan et al., 2016 [25] | Randomized Control Trial (Parent Randomized Controlled Trial) | India | 178 mother–child pairs | Maternalsupplementation commenced at <14 weeks gestations to 6 weeks postpartum | __ | B12 supplementation (50 µg/day); Placebo | 9 months | Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-3rd Edition (BSID-III) |
Wu et al., 2012 [23] | Prospective Cohort Study | Canada | 154 mother–child pairs | Maternal blood samples;FFQ | 16 and 36 weeks of gestation | Low vitamin B12 status defined as <148 pmol/L | 18 months | Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-3rd Edition (BSID-III) |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Results | |
---|---|
Studies with Associations | |
Bhate et al., 2012 [30] |
|
Bhate, 2008 [31] |
|
Bonilla et al., 2012 [32] |
|
Cruz-Rodríguez et al., 2023 [21] |
|
del Río Garcia et al., 2009 [33] |
|
Golding et al., 2021 [34] |
|
Lai et al., 2019 [22] |
|
Neuman et al. 2013 [35] |
|
Raghavan et al., 2018 [29] |
|
Thomas et al., 2019 [26] |
|
Veena et al., 2010 [36] |
|
Villamor et al., 2012 [12] |
|
Studies with No Associations | |
Ars et al., 2016 [28] |
|
Caramaschi et al., 2017 [37] |
|
Chandyo et al., 2023 [24] |
|
Sadat-Hossieny et al., 2021 [38] |
|
Srinivasan et al., 2016 [25] |
|
Wu et al., 2012 [23] |
|
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Jembere, F.; Dewey, D. Prenatal Vitamin B12 and Children’s Brain Development and Cognitive, Language and Motor Outcomes: A Scoping Review. Children 2024, 11, 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050558
Jembere F, Dewey D. Prenatal Vitamin B12 and Children’s Brain Development and Cognitive, Language and Motor Outcomes: A Scoping Review. Children. 2024; 11(5):558. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050558
Chicago/Turabian StyleJembere, Fasika, and Deborah Dewey. 2024. "Prenatal Vitamin B12 and Children’s Brain Development and Cognitive, Language and Motor Outcomes: A Scoping Review" Children 11, no. 5: 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050558
APA StyleJembere, F., & Dewey, D. (2024). Prenatal Vitamin B12 and Children’s Brain Development and Cognitive, Language and Motor Outcomes: A Scoping Review. Children, 11(5), 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050558