Fruit and Vegetable Shopping Behavior and Intake among Low-Income Minority Households with Elementary-Aged Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Brighter Bites
2.3. Participants
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Survey Measures
2.5.1. Child FV Intake
2.5.2. FV Shopping Behavior
2.5.3. Demographic Characteristics
2.5.4. Household Food Security Status
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Parent Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Child FV Intake
3.3. FV Shopping Behaviors
3.4. Relationship between FV Shopping and Child FV Intake
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (n = 6074) | Hispanic/Latino (n = 5601) | African American (n = 473) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
mean ± sd | ||||
Age (years) | ||||
Adult | 34.87 ± 7.787 | 34.57 ± 7.44 | 36.92 ± 9.24 | <0.001 |
Child | 6.53 ± 2.00 | 6.53 ± 1.99 | 6.34 ± 2.10 | 0.096 |
Household size (n) | ||||
Adult | 2.45 ± 1.09 | 2.48 ± 1.09 | 2.15 ± 1.14 | <0.001 |
Child | 2.62 ± 1.17 | 2.64 ± 1.16 | 2.60 ± 1.26 | 0.529 |
Total | 5.05 ± 1.58 | 5.08 ± 1.56 | 4.65 ± 1.73 | <0.001 |
n (col %) | n (row %) | |||
City | <0.001 | |||
Austin | 871 (14.34) | 787 (90.36) | 84 (9.64) | |
Dallas | 1572 (25.86) | 1479 (94.14) | 92 (5.86) | |
Houston | 3145 (51.78) | 2940 (93.48) | 205 (6.52) | |
SW Florida | 231 (3.80) | 221 (95.67) | 10 (4.33) | |
Washington DC | 256 (4.21) | 174 (67.97) | 82 (32.03) | |
n (col %) | ||||
Child Gender | 0.122 | |||
Male | 3019 (50.74) | 2802 (51.03) | 217 (47.28) | |
Female | 2931 (49.26) | 2689 (48.97) | 242 (52.72) | |
Parental employment | <0.001 | |||
Employed (full/part time) | 1721 (31.39) | 1460 (28.86) | 261 (61.70) | |
Self-employed | 312 (5.69) | 282 (5.57) | 30 (7.09) | |
Homemaker | 2944 (53.70) | 2892 (57.17) | 52 (12.29) | |
Unemployed | 400 (7.30) | 347 (6.86) | 53 (12.53) | |
Unable to work | 105 (1.92) | 78 (1.54) | 27 (6.38) | |
Language spoke at home | <0.001 | |||
English only | 968 (16.08) | 546 (9.84) | 422 (89.79) | |
Bilingual | 2157 (35.82) | 2150 (38.73) | 7 (1.49) | |
Spanish only | 2852 (47.35) | 2845 (51.25) | 6 (1.28) | |
Other language(s) | 45 (0.75) | 10 (0.18) | 35 (7.45) | |
Parental education | <0.001 | |||
Never attended school or only kindergarten | 77 (1.38) | 77 (1.49) | 0 | |
Grades 1–11 | 1015 (18.13) | 1009 (19.57) | 6 (1.35) | |
Grades 9–11 | 1172 (20.93) | 1145 (22.21) | 27 (6.08) | |
Grade 12 or GED | 1981 (35.38) | 1830 (35.50) | 151 (34.01) | |
College 1–3 years | 1005 (17.95) | 851 (16.51) | 154 (34.68) | |
College graduate or more | 349 (6.23) | 243 (4.71) | 106 (23.87) | |
Food Security Status | 0.046 | |||
Food insecure | 4075 (71.88) | 3734 (71.53) | 341 (75.95) | |
Food secure | 1594 (28.12) | 1486 (28.47) | 108 (24.05) | |
n (yes %) | ||||
Government Assistance Program | ||||
WIC | 1581 (26.84) | 1470 (27.03) | 111 (24.50) | 0.243 |
SNAP | 2001 (34.23) | 1780 (33.04) | 221 (48.15) | <0.001 |
Double Dollars | 63 (1.09) | 52 (0.97) | 11 (2.46) | 0.004 |
Medicaid | 3488 (59.59) | 3243 (60.03) | 245 (54.32) | 0.018 |
Medicare | 354 (6.10) | 277 (5.17) | 77 (17.34) | <0.001 |
Free + reduced meals/NSLP | 4315 (74.84) | 3928 (74.00) | 387 (84.50) | <0.001 |
CHIP | 1204 (20.96) | 1102 (20.78) | 102 (23.08) | 0.255 |
Store Type and Frequency of Shopping | Total (n = 6074) | Hispanic/Latino (n = 5601) | African American (n = 473) | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (col %) | ||||
Large chain grocery store a | <0.001 | |||
Never | 438 (7.43) | 413 (7.61) | 25 (5.36) | |
Less than once a month | 435 (7.38) | 400 (7.37) | 35 (7.51) | |
1–2 times per month | 1088 (18.45) | 952 (17.53) | 136 (29.18) | |
1 time per week | 2404 (40.77) | 2309 (42.52) | 95 (20.39) | |
2+ times per week | 1531 (25.97) | 1356 (24.97) | 175 (37.55) | |
Natural or organic supermarket b | <0.001 | |||
Never | 3988 (68.79) | 3743 (70.11) | 245 (53.49) | |
Less than once a month | 761 (13.13) | 670 (12.55) | 91 (19.87) | |
1–2 times per month | 515 (8.88) | 459 (8.60) | 56 (12.23) | |
1 time per week | 365 (6.30) | 328 (8.08) | 37 (9.75) | |
2+ times per week | 168 (2.90) | 139 (2.69) | 29 (6.33) | |
Warehouse club store c | <0.001 | |||
Never | 2375 (40.84) | 2216 (41.35) | 159 (34.79) | |
Less than once a month | 1475 (25.36) | 1373 (25.62) | 102 (22.32) | |
1–2 times per month | 1420 (24.42) | 1288 (24.03) | 132 (28.88) | |
1 time per week | 346 (5.95) | 319 (5.95) | 27 (5.91) | |
2+ times per week | 200 (3.44) | 163 (3.04) | 37 (8.10) | |
Discount superstore d | <0.001 | |||
Never | 754 (12.83) | 700 (12.92) | 54 (11.69) | |
Less than once a month | 1309 (22.27) | 1233 (22.76) | 76 (16.45) | |
1–2 times per month | 1886 (32.08) | 1729 (31.92) | 157 (33.98) | |
1 time per week | 1136 (19.32) | 1072 (19.79) | 64 (13.85) | |
2+ times per week | 794 (13.51) | 683 (12.61) | 111 (24.03) | |
Small local store or corner store e | 0.043 | |||
Never | 3446 (59.41) | 3171 (59.38) | 275 (59.78) | |
Less than once a month | 843 (14.53) | 782 (14.64) | 61 (13.26) | |
1–2 times per month | 660 (11.38) | 595 (11.14) | 65 (14.13) | |
1 time per week | 525 (9.05) | 497 (9.31) | 28 (6.09) | |
2+ times per week | 326 (5.62) | 295 (5.52) | 31 (6.74) | |
Convenience store f | <0.001 | |||
Never | 4271 (74.06) | 3973 (74.86) | 298 (64.78) | |
Less than once a month | 779 (13.51) | 707 (13.32) | 72 (15.65) | |
1–2 times per month | 353 (6.12) | 311 (5.86) | 42 (9.13) | |
1 time per week | 240 (4.16) | 220 (4.15) | 20 (4.35) | |
2+ times per week | 124 (2.15) | 96 (1.81) | 28 (6.09) | |
Ethnic market g | <0.001 | |||
Never | 3162 (54.76) | 2855 (53.71) | 307 (67.03) | |
Less than once a month | 832 (14.41) | 761 (14.32) | 71 (15.50) | |
1–2 times per month | 749 (12.97) | 702 (13.21) | 47 (10.26) | |
1 time per week | 696 (12.05) | 681 (12.81) | 15 (3.28) | |
2+ times per week | 335 (5.80) | 317 (5.96) | 18 (3.93) | |
Farmers’ market/co-op/school farm stand | <0.001 | |||
Never | 4782 (83.28) | 4513 (85.36) | 269 (59.12) | |
Less than once a month | 514 (8.95) | 426 (8.06) | 88 (19.34) | |
1–2 times per month | 265 (4.62) | 209 (3.95) | 56 (12.31) | |
1 time per week | 121 (2.11) | 99 (1.87) | 22 (4.84) | |
2+ times per week | 60 (1.04) | 40 (0.76) | 20 (4.40) | |
Food bank/pantry | <0.001 | |||
Never | 4767 (83.11) | 4433 (83.91) | 334 (73.73) | |
Less than once a month | 507 (8.84) | 445 (8.42) | 62 (13.69) | |
1–2 times per month | 300 (5.23) | 260 (4.92) | 40 (8.83) | |
1 time per week | 119 (2.07) | 110 (2.08) | 9 (1.99) | |
2+ times per week | 43 (0.75) | 35 (0.66) | 8 (1.77) | |
Garden | 0.015 | |||
Never | 5340 (92.39) | 4934 (92.66) | 406 (89.23) | |
Less than once a month | 202 (3.49) | 184 (3.46) | 18 (3.96) | |
1–2 times per month | 121 (2.09) | 104 (1.95) | 17 (3.74) | |
1 time per week | 69 (1.19) | 63 (1.18) | 6 (1.32) | |
2+ times per week | 48 (0.83) | 40 (0.75) | 8 (1.76) |
Store Type and Frequency of Shopping | Hispanic/Latino | African American | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Child FV Intake ß § (95% CI) | p Value * | Mean Child FV Intake ß § (95% CI) | p Value * | |
Large chain grocery store a (reference: never) | ||||
Less than once a month | 0.041 (−0.090, 0.171) 1 | 0.542 | 0.105 (−0.378, 0.589) 7 | 0.669 |
1–2 times per month | 0.110 (−0.001, 0.222) 1 | 0.053 | −0.103 (−0.521, 0.315) 7 | 0.630 |
1 time per week | 0.193 (0.090, 0.297) 1 | <0.001 | 0.085 (−0.351, 0.522) 7 | 0.701 |
2+ times per week | 0.310 (0.201, 0.419) 1 | <0.001 | 0.122 (−0.298, 0.541) 7 | 0.570 |
Natural or organic supermarket b (reference: never) | ||||
Less than once a month | 0.124 (0.050, 0.198) 1 | 0.001 | 0.068 (−0.145, 0.280) 7 | 0.532 |
1–2 times per month | 0.177 (0.089, 0.265) 1 | <0.001 | 0.179 (−0.091, 0.448) 7 | 0.194 |
1 time per week | 0.312 (0.213, 0.412) 1 | <0.001 | 0.480 (0.153, 0.807) 7 | 0.004 |
2+ times per week | 0.393 (0.243, 0.543) 1 | <0.001 | 0.912(0.548, 1.28) 7 | <0.001 |
Warehouse club store c (reference: never) | ||||
Less than once a month | 0.022 (−0.036, 0.081) 2 | 0.457 | 0.070 (−0.169, 0.308) 8 | 0.568 |
1–2 times per month | 0.110 (0.049, 0.171) 2 | <0.001 | 0.076 (−0.152, 0.303) 8 | 0.515 |
1 time per week | 0.156 (0.053, 0.260) 2 | 0.003 | 0.180 (−0.244, 0.604) 8 | 0.406 |
2+ times per week | 0.217 (0.080, 0.353) 2 | 0.002 | 0.323 (−0.031, 0.677) 8 | 0.074 |
Discount superstore d (reference: never) | ||||
Less than once a month | 0.089 (0.005, 0.172) 3 | 0.037 | 0.214 (−0.102, 0.531) 9 | 0.184 |
1–2 times per month | 0.126 (0.048, 0.205) 3 | 0.002 | 0.233 (−0.050, 0.517) 9 | 0.107 |
1 time per week | 0.180 (0.095, 0.266) 3 | <0.001 | 0.171 (−0.154, 0.497) 9 | 0.302 |
2+ times per week | 0.205 (0.112, 0.299) 3 | <0.001 | 0.424 (0.129, 0.719) 9 | 0.005 |
Small local store or corner store e (reference: never) | ||||
Less than once a month | 0.092 (0.021, 0.162) 1 | 0.011 | −0.023 (−0.265, 0.219) 10 | 0.853 |
1–2 times per month | 0.010 (−0.069, 0.090) 1 | 0.798 | 0.182 (−0.064, 0.429) 10 | 0.147 |
1 time per week | 0.039 (−0.046, 0.123) 1 | 0.367 | 0.048 (−0.308, 0.403) 10 | 0.793 |
2+ times per week | 0.115 (0.006, 0.223) 1 | 0.038 | 0.339 (−0.007, 0.683) 10 | 0.055 |
Convenience store f (reference: never) | ||||
Less than once a month | 0.072 (−0.000, 0.144) 4 | 0.050 | 0.050 (−0.179, 0.278) 11 | 0.671 |
1–2 times per month | 0.065 (−0.042, 0.172) 4 | 0.233 | 0.313 (0.021, 0.604) 11 | 0.035 |
1 time per week | 0.117 (−0.004, 0.238) 4 | 0.059 | 0.904 (0.506, 1.30) 11 | <0.001 |
2+ times per week | 0.219 (0.032, 0.406) 4 | 0.022 | 0.387 (0.035, 0.738) 11 | 0.031 |
Ethnic market (reference: never) | ||||
Less than once a month | 0.032 (−0.038, 0.102) 5 | 0.369 | 0.285 (0.019, 0.552) 12 | 0.036 |
1–2 times per month | 0.028 (−0.045, 0.101) 5 | 0.454 | 0.163 (−0.175, 0.501) 12 | 0.344 |
1 time per week | 0.084 (0.012, 0.157) 5 | 0.023 | 0.045 (−0.517, 0.608) 12 | 0.874 |
2+ times per week | 0.160 (0.058, 0.261) 5 | 0.002 | −0.054 (−0.590, 0.481) 12 | 0.843 |
Farmers’ market/co-op/school farm stand (reference: never) | ||||
Less than once a month | 0.151 (0.060, 0.242) 6 | 0.001 | 0.131 (−0.099, 0.361) 13 | 0.265 |
1–2 times per month | 0.272 (0.142, 0.401) 6 | <0.001 | 0.296 (0.018, 0.574) 13 | 0.037 |
1 time per week | 0.217 (0.027, 0.408) 6 | 0.025 | 0.424 (0.027, 0.821) 13 | 0.036 |
2+ times per week | 0.631 (0.309, 0.954) 6 | <0.001 | −0.049 (−0.478, 0.381) 13 | 0.824 |
Food bank/pantry (reference: never) | ||||
Less than once a month | 0.051 (−0.039, 0.141) 1 | 0.269 | 0.137 (−0.115, 0.389) 14 | 0.285 |
1–2 times per month | 0.116 (−0.000, 0.232) 1 | 0.052 | 0.236 (−0.066, 0.539) 14 | 0.125 |
1 time per week | 0.129 (−0.044, 0.303) 1 | 0.144 | 0.091 (−0.555, 0.738) 14 | 0.782 |
2+ times per week | 0.184 (−0.127, 0.495) 1 | 0.247 | 0.643 (−0.220, 1.51) 14 | 0.144 |
Garden (reference: never) | ||||
Less than once a month | 0.116 (−0.020, 0.251) 4 | 0.094 | 0.288 (−0.277, 0.853) 15 | 0.317 |
1–2 times per month | 0.013 (−0.170, 0.196) 4 | 0.889 | −0.133 (−0.718, 0.451) 15 | 0.654 |
1 time per week | 0.187 (−0.054, 0.429) 4 | 0.129 | 0.461 (−0.668, 1.59) 15 | 0.424 |
2+ times per week | 0.383 (0.096, 0.669) 4 | 0.009 | 0.218 (−0.605, 1.04) 15 | 0.604 |
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Metoyer, B.N.; Chuang, R.-J.; Lee, M.; Markham, C.; Brown, E.; Almohamad, M.; Dave, J.M.; Sharma, S.V. Fruit and Vegetable Shopping Behavior and Intake among Low-Income Minority Households with Elementary-Aged Children. Children 2023, 10, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010082
Metoyer BN, Chuang R-J, Lee M, Markham C, Brown E, Almohamad M, Dave JM, Sharma SV. Fruit and Vegetable Shopping Behavior and Intake among Low-Income Minority Households with Elementary-Aged Children. Children. 2023; 10(1):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010082
Chicago/Turabian StyleMetoyer, Brittni N., Ru-Jye Chuang, MinJae Lee, Christine Markham, Eric Brown, Maha Almohamad, Jayna M. Dave, and Shreela V. Sharma. 2023. "Fruit and Vegetable Shopping Behavior and Intake among Low-Income Minority Households with Elementary-Aged Children" Children 10, no. 1: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010082