Social Competence in Infants and Toddlers with Special Health Care Needs: The Roles of Parental Knowledge, Expectations, Attunement, and Attitudes toward Child Independence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Social Competence
1.2. Parental Knowledge
1.3. Parental Expectations
1.4. Parental Attunement
1.5. Parental Attitudes toward Child Independence
1.6. Study Aims
2. Method Section
2.1. Participants
Characteristic | ||
---|---|---|
N | % | |
Gender | ||
Females | 39 | 100 |
Race | ||
Caucasian | 22 | 56 |
African-American | 16 | 41 |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 4 | 3 |
Marital Status | ||
Single | 19 | 48.7 |
Married | 15 | 38.5 |
Divorced | 1 | 2.6 |
Unmarried Partners | 2 | 5.1 |
Separated | 2 | 5.1 |
Education (years) | ||
College graduate or more | 13 | 33 |
Some college | 13 | 33 |
High school graduate | 7 | 18 |
Less than high school | 6 | 15 |
Employment Status | ||
Employed part-time | 8 | 20 |
Employed full-time | 8 | 20 |
Unemployed | 23 | 59 |
Income | ||
Under $15,000 | 11 | 28.2 |
$15,001–$25,000 | 8 | 20.5 |
$25,001–$40,000 | 3 | 7.7 |
$40,001–$60,000 | 5 | 12.8 |
$Over $60,000 | 5 | 12.8 |
% (N) | |
---|---|
Premature | 46% (N = 18) |
Autism | 15% (N = 6) |
Neurological Disease | 21% (N = 8) |
Deaf | 8% (N = 3) |
Down Syndrome | 5% (N = 2) |
Cerebral Palsy | 5% (N = 2) |
Cleft Palate | 5% (N = 2) |
CMV | 3% (N = 1) |
Muscle Tone Deficits | 3% (N = 1) |
Blind | 3% (N = 1) |
Skeletal Dysplasia | 3% (N = 1) |
2.2. Design and Procedures
2.3. Measures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preliminary Analyses: Step A
3.2. Descriptives and Correlations: Step B
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Knowledge | 1.0 | 0.46 ** | 0.55 *** | 0.12 | 0.07 |
2. Expectations | 1.0 | 0.77 | 0.29 | 0.26 | |
3. Attunement | 1.0 | 0.42 ** | 0.27 | ||
4. Power/Independence | 1.0 | 0.40 ** | |||
5. Social Competence | 1.0 | ||||
Mean | 0.65 | 2.87 | 3.87 | 2.89 | NA |
Standard Deviation | 0.16 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.52 | NA |
3.3. Model Development and Path Analysis: Step C
3.4. Discussion
3.5. Limitations and Future Directions
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zand, D.; Pierce, K.; Thomson, N.; Baig, M.W.; Teodorescu, C.; Nibras, S.; Maxim, R. Social Competence in Infants and Toddlers with Special Health Care Needs: The Roles of Parental Knowledge, Expectations, Attunement, and Attitudes toward Child Independence. Children 2014, 1, 5-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/children1010005
Zand D, Pierce K, Thomson N, Baig MW, Teodorescu C, Nibras S, Maxim R. Social Competence in Infants and Toddlers with Special Health Care Needs: The Roles of Parental Knowledge, Expectations, Attunement, and Attitudes toward Child Independence. Children. 2014; 1(1):5-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/children1010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleZand, Debra, Katherine Pierce, Nicole Thomson, M. Waseem Baig, Cristiana Teodorescu, Sohail Nibras, and Rolanda Maxim. 2014. "Social Competence in Infants and Toddlers with Special Health Care Needs: The Roles of Parental Knowledge, Expectations, Attunement, and Attitudes toward Child Independence" Children 1, no. 1: 5-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/children1010005