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Article

Endocardial Endothelial Dysfunction and Unknown Polymorphic Composite Accumulation in Heart Failure

by
Hsuan-Fu Kuo
1,2,3,4,
I-Fan Liu
5,6,
Chia-Yang Li
1,
Chien-Sung Tsai
7,8,
Yung-Hsiang Chen
9,10,
Wei-Shiung Lian
11,12,
Tzu-Chieh Lin
1,4,
Yu-Ru Liu
13,
Tsung-Ying Lee
13,
Chi-Yuan Huang
13,
Chong-Chao Hsieh
14,15,16,*,
Chih-Hsin Hsu
17,*,
Feng-Yen Lin
18,19,* and
Po-Len Liu
13,20,*
1
Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
2
Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
3
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
4
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
5
Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
6
Heart Center, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
7
Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
8
Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
9
Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
10
Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
11
Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostic, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
12
Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
13
Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
14
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
15
Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
16
Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
17
Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 740, Taiwan
18
Department of Internal Medicine and Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
19
Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
20
Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
 
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Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2021, 9(10), 1465; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101465
Submission received: 15 August 2021 / Revised: 4 October 2021 / Accepted: 11 October 2021 / Published: 13 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)
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Abstract

The accumulation of unknown polymorphic composites in the endocardium damages the endocardial endothelium (EE). However, the composition and role of unknown polymorphic composites in heart failure (HF) progression remain unclear. Here, we aimed to explore composite deposition during endocardium damage and HF progression. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two HF groups—angiotensin II-induced HF and left anterior descending artery ligation-induced HF. Heart tissues from patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (non-HF) and those with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) were collected. EE damage, polymorphic unknown composite accumulation, and elements in deposits were examined. HF progression reduced the expression of CD31 in the endocardium, impaired endocardial integrity, and exposed the myofibrils and mitochondria. The damaged endocardial surface showed the accumulation of unknown polymorphic composites. In the animal HF model, especially HF caused by myocardial infarction, the weight and atomic percentages of O, Na, and N in the deposited composites were significantly higher than those of the other groups. The deposited composites in the human HF heart section (DCM) had a significantly higher percentage of Na and S than the other groups, whereas the percentage of C and Na in the DCM and ICM groups was significantly higher than those of the control group. HF causes widespread EE dysfunction, and EndMT was accompanied by polymorphic composites of different shapes and elemental compositions, which further damage and deteriorate heart function.
Keywords: endothelial endocardium; heart failure; mineral deposition; dilated cardiomyopathy; ischemic cardiomyopathy; unknown polymorphic composite endothelial endocardium; heart failure; mineral deposition; dilated cardiomyopathy; ischemic cardiomyopathy; unknown polymorphic composite

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kuo, H.-F.; Liu, I.-F.; Li, C.-Y.; Tsai, C.-S.; Chen, Y.-H.; Lian, W.-S.; Lin, T.-C.; Liu, Y.-R.; Lee, T.-Y.; Huang, C.-Y.; et al. Endocardial Endothelial Dysfunction and Unknown Polymorphic Composite Accumulation in Heart Failure. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1465. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101465

AMA Style

Kuo H-F, Liu I-F, Li C-Y, Tsai C-S, Chen Y-H, Lian W-S, Lin T-C, Liu Y-R, Lee T-Y, Huang C-Y, et al. Endocardial Endothelial Dysfunction and Unknown Polymorphic Composite Accumulation in Heart Failure. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(10):1465. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101465

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kuo, Hsuan-Fu, I-Fan Liu, Chia-Yang Li, Chien-Sung Tsai, Yung-Hsiang Chen, Wei-Shiung Lian, Tzu-Chieh Lin, Yu-Ru Liu, Tsung-Ying Lee, Chi-Yuan Huang, and et al. 2021. "Endocardial Endothelial Dysfunction and Unknown Polymorphic Composite Accumulation in Heart Failure" Biomedicines 9, no. 10: 1465. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101465

APA Style

Kuo, H.-F., Liu, I.-F., Li, C.-Y., Tsai, C.-S., Chen, Y.-H., Lian, W.-S., Lin, T.-C., Liu, Y.-R., Lee, T.-Y., Huang, C.-Y., Hsieh, C.-C., Hsu, C.-H., Lin, F.-Y., & Liu, P.-L. (2021). Endocardial Endothelial Dysfunction and Unknown Polymorphic Composite Accumulation in Heart Failure. Biomedicines, 9(10), 1465. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101465

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