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Biomedicines
Volume 14
Issue 6
10.3390/biomedicines14061321
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Systematic Review

The sFlt-1/PlGF Index as an Auxiliary Tool in the Prediction of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review

by
Martyna Drzycimska
1,*,
Magdalena Bednarek-Jędrzejek
1,
Ewa Kwiatkowska
2 and
Sebastian Kwiatkowski
1
1
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, University Clinical Hospital no. 2, Aleja Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
2
Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, University Clinical Hospital no. 2, Aleja Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2026, 14(6), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061321
Submission received: 19 April 2026 / Revised: 26 May 2026 / Accepted: 5 June 2026 / Published: 10 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Obsterics and Gynaecology (2nd Edition))
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study evaluates the prognostic utility of placental insufficiency biomarkers in late-onset fetal growth restriction occurring after 32 weeks of gestation. These markers were assessed both independently and in conjunction with ultrasound and Doppler indices to predict adverse perinatal outcomes. Given the clinical integration of maternal angiogenic factor assessment, it is imperative to determine whether these markers—specifically the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio—can effectively mitigate fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Methods: This review is registered with PROSPERO and encompasses the literature from the last decade. The present analysis incorporated prospective observational cohort studies. Four comprehensive databases were queried, resulting in the evaluation of fifty-one relevant records. Thirty-six full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, resulting in the inclusion of six relevant manuscripts. The total sample size was 14.499 patients. Detection rates for growth restricted fetuses demonstrated significant variability, ranging from 15% to 88.5%. Conclusions: The clinical utility of angiogenic biomarkers for the prediction of fetal growth restriction remains unresolved; moreover, the empirical evidence synthesized within this review exhibits a significant degree of heterogeneity.
Keywords: fetal growth restriction; sFlt-1/PlGF ratio; angiogenesis markers; adverse perinatal outcomes fetal growth restriction; sFlt-1/PlGF ratio; angiogenesis markers; adverse perinatal outcomes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Drzycimska, M.; Bednarek-Jędrzejek, M.; Kwiatkowska, E.; Kwiatkowski, S. The sFlt-1/PlGF Index as an Auxiliary Tool in the Prediction of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2026, 14, 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061321

AMA Style

Drzycimska M, Bednarek-Jędrzejek M, Kwiatkowska E, Kwiatkowski S. The sFlt-1/PlGF Index as an Auxiliary Tool in the Prediction of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines. 2026; 14(6):1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061321

Chicago/Turabian Style

Drzycimska, Martyna, Magdalena Bednarek-Jędrzejek, Ewa Kwiatkowska, and Sebastian Kwiatkowski. 2026. "The sFlt-1/PlGF Index as an Auxiliary Tool in the Prediction of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review" Biomedicines 14, no. 6: 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061321

APA Style

Drzycimska, M., Bednarek-Jędrzejek, M., Kwiatkowska, E., & Kwiatkowski, S. (2026). The sFlt-1/PlGF Index as an Auxiliary Tool in the Prediction of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines, 14(6), 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061321

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