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Biomedicines
Volume 14
Issue 6
10.3390/biomedicines14061223
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Optical, Tomographic, and Mass Spectrometry Imaging Methods for Burn Wounds: Capabilities, Limitations, and Clinical Potential

by
Dmitry P. Krylov
1,
Dariya M. Badanina
1,
Dmitry S. Kozlov
1,
Peter S. Timashev
1,2,
Daria S. Kuznetsova
1,* and
Artem M. Mozherov
1,*
1
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
2
Department of Biological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2026, 14(6), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061223
Submission received: 24 April 2026 / Revised: 21 May 2026 / Accepted: 27 May 2026 / Published: 28 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging Technology for Human Diseases: 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This review systematizes the principal methods for imaging and morphological analysis of burn wounds, ranging from light, electron, and fluorescence microscopy to tomographic techniques and mass spectrometry imaging. Light microscopy with histological staining and immunohistochemistry remains the morphological gold standard, enabling visualization of the zones of coagulation, stasis, and hyperemia, as well as molecular characterization of inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. Electron microscopy allows the study of the ultrastructure of cells and the extracellular matrix at nanometer resolution. Among optical methods, wide-field indocyanine green angiography demonstrates high accuracy in burn depth stratification, whereas fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy assesses cellular metabolism without exogenous labels. Among tomographic techniques, high-frequency ultrasound is the most accessible bedside modality with submillimeter resolution, permitting evaluation of tissue anatomy, perfusion, and biomechanical properties. magnetic resonance imaging is limited by its high cost and long examination time, while mass spectrometry imaging is used solely for research purposes. For clinical practice, the optimal combination is high-frequency ultrasound and wide-field fluorescence imaging. All methods retain high relevance for experimental research, enabling the validation of novel therapeutic strategies.
Keywords: thermal injury; multimodal imaging; histopathological analysis; ultrasonography; immunohistochemical analysis; elastography; fluorescence microscopy; fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy; indocyanine green angiography; magnetic resonance imaging; mass spectrometry-based imaging thermal injury; multimodal imaging; histopathological analysis; ultrasonography; immunohistochemical analysis; elastography; fluorescence microscopy; fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy; indocyanine green angiography; magnetic resonance imaging; mass spectrometry-based imaging

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MDPI and ACS Style

Krylov, D.P.; Badanina, D.M.; Kozlov, D.S.; Timashev, P.S.; Kuznetsova, D.S.; Mozherov, A.M. Optical, Tomographic, and Mass Spectrometry Imaging Methods for Burn Wounds: Capabilities, Limitations, and Clinical Potential. Biomedicines 2026, 14, 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061223

AMA Style

Krylov DP, Badanina DM, Kozlov DS, Timashev PS, Kuznetsova DS, Mozherov AM. Optical, Tomographic, and Mass Spectrometry Imaging Methods for Burn Wounds: Capabilities, Limitations, and Clinical Potential. Biomedicines. 2026; 14(6):1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061223

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krylov, Dmitry P., Dariya M. Badanina, Dmitry S. Kozlov, Peter S. Timashev, Daria S. Kuznetsova, and Artem M. Mozherov. 2026. "Optical, Tomographic, and Mass Spectrometry Imaging Methods for Burn Wounds: Capabilities, Limitations, and Clinical Potential" Biomedicines 14, no. 6: 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061223

APA Style

Krylov, D. P., Badanina, D. M., Kozlov, D. S., Timashev, P. S., Kuznetsova, D. S., & Mozherov, A. M. (2026). Optical, Tomographic, and Mass Spectrometry Imaging Methods for Burn Wounds: Capabilities, Limitations, and Clinical Potential. Biomedicines, 14(6), 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14061223

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