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Biomedicines
Volume 13
Issue 8
10.3390/biomedicines13081882
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Review

Glioblastoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Its Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies

by
Felipe Esparza-Salazar
,
Renata Murguiondo-Pérez
,
Gabriela Cano-Herrera
,
Maria F. Bautista-Gonzalez
,
Ericka C. Loza-López
,
Amairani Méndez-Vionet
,
Ximena A. Van-Tienhoven
,
Alejandro Chumaceiro-Natera
,
Emmanuel Simental-Aldaba
and
Antonio Ibarra
*
Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Lomas Anáhuac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081882 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 1 July 2025 / Revised: 25 July 2025 / Accepted: 29 July 2025 / Published: 2 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Brain Tumor Diagnosis: Innovations and Emerging Technologies)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by rapid progression, profound heterogeneity, and resistance to conventional therapies. This review provides an integrated overview of GBM’s pathophysiology, highlighting key mechanisms such as neuroinflammation, genetic alterations (e.g., EGFR, PDGFRA), the tumor microenvironment, microbiome interactions, and molecular dysregulations involving gangliosides and sphingolipids. Current diagnostic strategies, including imaging, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and emerging liquid biopsy techniques, are explored for their role in improving early detection and monitoring. Treatment remains challenging, with standard therapies—surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide—offering limited survival benefits. Innovative therapies are increasingly being explored and implemented, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, dendritic and peptide vaccines, and oncolytic virotherapy. Advances in nanotechnology and personalized medicine, such as individualized multimodal immunotherapy and NanoTherm therapy, are also discussed as strategies to overcome the blood–brain barrier and tumor heterogeneity. Additionally, stem cell-based approaches show promise in targeted drug delivery and immune modulation. Non-conventional strategies such as ketogenic diets and palliative care are also evaluated for their adjunctive potential. While novel therapies hold promise, GBM’s complexity demands continued interdisciplinary research to improve prognosis, treatment response, and patient quality of life. This review underscores the urgent need for personalized, multimodal strategies in combating this devastating malignancy.
Keywords: glioblastoma; immunotherapy; stem cells; oncolytic virotherapy glioblastoma; immunotherapy; stem cells; oncolytic virotherapy

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Esparza-Salazar, F.; Murguiondo-Pérez, R.; Cano-Herrera, G.; Bautista-Gonzalez, M.F.; Loza-López, E.C.; Méndez-Vionet, A.; Van-Tienhoven, X.A.; Chumaceiro-Natera, A.; Simental-Aldaba, E.; Ibarra, A. Glioblastoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Its Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2025, 13, 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081882

AMA Style

Esparza-Salazar F, Murguiondo-Pérez R, Cano-Herrera G, Bautista-Gonzalez MF, Loza-López EC, Méndez-Vionet A, Van-Tienhoven XA, Chumaceiro-Natera A, Simental-Aldaba E, Ibarra A. Glioblastoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Its Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines. 2025; 13(8):1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081882

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esparza-Salazar, Felipe, Renata Murguiondo-Pérez, Gabriela Cano-Herrera, Maria F. Bautista-Gonzalez, Ericka C. Loza-López, Amairani Méndez-Vionet, Ximena A. Van-Tienhoven, Alejandro Chumaceiro-Natera, Emmanuel Simental-Aldaba, and Antonio Ibarra. 2025. "Glioblastoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Its Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies" Biomedicines 13, no. 8: 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081882

APA Style

Esparza-Salazar, F., Murguiondo-Pérez, R., Cano-Herrera, G., Bautista-Gonzalez, M. F., Loza-López, E. C., Méndez-Vionet, A., Van-Tienhoven, X. A., Chumaceiro-Natera, A., Simental-Aldaba, E., & Ibarra, A. (2025). Glioblastoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Its Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines, 13(8), 1882. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081882

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