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Volume 13
Issue 12
10.3390/biomedicines13122867
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Assessment of T1 and T2 Relaxation-Time Changes in NMIBC Tissue After 5-ALA Photodynamic Therapy Using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging

by
Dominik Godlewski
1,
Klaudia Dynarowicz
2,
Adrian Truszkiewicz
3,
Michał Osuchowski
4,
Tomasz Kubrak
2,
Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
2,
Agnieszka Przygórzewska
5,
Jakub Szpara
5 and
David Aebisher
3,*
1
Medical Center in Łańcut, 37-100 Łańcut, Poland
2
Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
3
Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
4
Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
5
English Division Science Club, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 2867; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122867 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 27 August 2025 / Revised: 4 November 2025 / Accepted: 20 November 2025 / Published: 24 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) accounts for the majority of newly diagnosed bladder cancers and is characterized by a high recurrence rate despite standard treatments. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) offers a promising alternative; however, objective methods for monitoring therapeutic response are needed. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly T1 and T2 relaxation mapping, may provide non-invasive biomarkers of tissue response to PDT. Methods: In this ex vivo study, 50 samples obtained during transurethral electro-resection of bladder tumors were analyzed using a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. Twenty-five healthy control tissues (n = 25) served as the control group. Twenty-five NMIBC tissues were analyzed twice: before and after 5-ALA-PDT. T1 and T2 relaxation times were measured, and regions of interest (ROIs) were manually segmented to obtain quantitative values. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the significance of differences observed between study groups. Results: T1 relaxation times significantly differed between groups: 1351.7 ± 271.1 ms in healthy tissue, 727.7 ± 145.0 ms in untreated NMIBC, and 368.9 ± 65.2 ms in NMIBC after PDT (p < 0.0001). T2 values were 93.5 ± 20.3 ms (healthy), 78.5 ± 20.4 ms (NMIBC), and 55.7 ± 6.1 ms (NMIBC_PDT), with significant reduction after PDT (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Quantitative T1 and T2 mapping via MRI is a sensitive and non-invasive method for detecting structural and biochemical changes in bladder tissue following 5-ALA-PDT. These relaxation times may serve as reliable biomarkers for therapeutic response, facilitating in real-time monitoring and personalized treatment planning for NMIBC. Further in vivo studies are warranted to validate these findings and integrate them into clinical practice.
Keywords: NMIBC; PDT; MRI; bladder; relaxation; mapping NMIBC; PDT; MRI; bladder; relaxation; mapping

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MDPI and ACS Style

Godlewski, D.; Dynarowicz, K.; Truszkiewicz, A.; Osuchowski, M.; Kubrak, T.; Bartusik-Aebisher, D.; Przygórzewska, A.; Szpara, J.; Aebisher, D. Assessment of T1 and T2 Relaxation-Time Changes in NMIBC Tissue After 5-ALA Photodynamic Therapy Using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biomedicines 2025, 13, 2867. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122867

AMA Style

Godlewski D, Dynarowicz K, Truszkiewicz A, Osuchowski M, Kubrak T, Bartusik-Aebisher D, Przygórzewska A, Szpara J, Aebisher D. Assessment of T1 and T2 Relaxation-Time Changes in NMIBC Tissue After 5-ALA Photodynamic Therapy Using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biomedicines. 2025; 13(12):2867. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122867

Chicago/Turabian Style

Godlewski, Dominik, Klaudia Dynarowicz, Adrian Truszkiewicz, Michał Osuchowski, Tomasz Kubrak, Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher, Agnieszka Przygórzewska, Jakub Szpara, and David Aebisher. 2025. "Assessment of T1 and T2 Relaxation-Time Changes in NMIBC Tissue After 5-ALA Photodynamic Therapy Using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging" Biomedicines 13, no. 12: 2867. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122867

APA Style

Godlewski, D., Dynarowicz, K., Truszkiewicz, A., Osuchowski, M., Kubrak, T., Bartusik-Aebisher, D., Przygórzewska, A., Szpara, J., & Aebisher, D. (2025). Assessment of T1 and T2 Relaxation-Time Changes in NMIBC Tissue After 5-ALA Photodynamic Therapy Using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biomedicines, 13(12), 2867. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122867

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