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Biomedicines
Volume 12
Issue 8
10.3390/biomedicines12081848
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Review

Quantification of Ions in Human Urine—A Review for Clinical Laboratories

by
Ana Rita Ferrão
1,2,*,
Paula Pestana
1,2,
Lígia Borges
3,
Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira
3,
Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
2,3 and
José Martinez-de-Oliveira
2
1
Centro Hospitalar Universitário Cova da Beira, EPE, 6200 Covilhã, Portugal
2
Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201 Covilhã, Portugal
3
Labfit-HPRD, 6200 Covilhã, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2024, 12(8), 1848; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081848
Submission received: 10 July 2024 / Revised: 31 July 2024 / Accepted: 8 August 2024 / Published: 14 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology and Metabolism Research)
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Abstract

Urine is an organic fluid produced by the kidney, and its analysis is one of the most requested laboratory tests by clinicians. The ionic composition of urine has been shown to be a good health indicator: it is useful for the diagnosis of several diseases, as well as monitoring therapeutics. This review considers laboratorial techniques that have been used throughout time for the quantification of ions in urine, and also considers some methodologies that can potentially be used in clinical laboratories for this kind of analysis. Those methods include gravimetry, titration, flame emission spectrophotometry (flame photometry), fluorimetry, potentiometry (ion selective electrodes), ion chromatography, electrophoresis, kinetic colorimetric tests, enzymatic colorimetric tests, flow cytometry, atomic absorption, plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and paper-based devices. Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium are among the most important physiological ions, and their determination is frequently requested in hospitals. There have been many advances regarding the analysis of these ions in 24 h urine. However, there is still some way to go concerning the importance of intracellular ions in this type of sample as well as the use of occasional urine for monitoring these parameters.
Keywords: urine; ions; clinical laboratory tests urine; ions; clinical laboratory tests

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ferrão, A.R.; Pestana, P.; Borges, L.; Palmeira-de-Oliveira, R.; Palmeira-de-Oliveira, A.; Martinez-de-Oliveira, J. Quantification of Ions in Human Urine—A Review for Clinical Laboratories. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081848

AMA Style

Ferrão AR, Pestana P, Borges L, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Martinez-de-Oliveira J. Quantification of Ions in Human Urine—A Review for Clinical Laboratories. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081848

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ferrão, Ana Rita, Paula Pestana, Lígia Borges, Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira, Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira, and José Martinez-de-Oliveira. 2024. "Quantification of Ions in Human Urine—A Review for Clinical Laboratories" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081848

APA Style

Ferrão, A. R., Pestana, P., Borges, L., Palmeira-de-Oliveira, R., Palmeira-de-Oliveira, A., & Martinez-de-Oliveira, J. (2024). Quantification of Ions in Human Urine—A Review for Clinical Laboratories. Biomedicines, 12(8), 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081848

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