Engineering 3D-Printed Bioresorbable Scaffold to Improve Non-Vascularized Fat Grafting: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. 3D Printing of PLCL Scaffolds
2.2. Mechanical Characterization and Analysis of Microarchitecture via High-Resolution X-ray Tomography
2.3. In Vitro Scaffold Degradation
2.4. Identification and Quantification of Degradation Products via Quantitative Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR)
2.5. Cell Culture
2.6. Assessment of Viability and Adipocyte Differentiation
2.7. Cell Seeding Experiment
2.8. CAM Assay
2.9. Animal Models
2.10. Tissue Assessment for Histomorphometry and Immunohistochemistry
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Design of the Scaffolds and Mechanical Characterization
3.2. In Vitro Degradation Profile of PLCL Scaffolds
3.3. In Vitro Cellular Effects of PLCL Scaffold Degradation Products
3.4. Cell Attachment on PLCL Scaffold
3.5. Vascularization of the PLCL Scaffolds in the CAM Assay
3.6. In Vivo Implantation of Lipoaspirate-Seeded Scaffolds
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scaffold Characteristics | ||
---|---|---|
Nature | Poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) | |
Bioresorbable | Yes | |
3D Printer | Ultimaker S5 FDM (Utrecht, The Netherlands) | |
Dimensions (length × width, cm) | 25 × 10 | |
Nozzle diameter (mm) | 0.2 | |
Thickness (mm) | 5 (in vitro study) | |
Theorical volume (mm3) | 125.000 | |
Density (g/cm3) | <0.1 | |
Porosity (%) | >90% | |
No. of pores/mm2 | 38 | |
Distribution | Heterogeneous | |
In vivo study | scaffold 1 | scaffold 2 |
Diameter (mm) | 8 | 8 |
Thickness (mm) | 2 | 6 |
Theorical volume (mm3) | 100 | 300 |
Molecule | Functional Group | Chemical Shift (ppm) |
---|---|---|
Lactate | CH3 | 1.21 |
PCL+ 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid | CH2 | 1.45–1.53 |
6-hydroxyhexanoic acid | CH2-COOH | 2.07 |
PCL | CH2-COO | 2.29–2.33 |
PCL+ 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid | CH2-OH | 3.5 |
Lactate | CH-OH | 4.0 |
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Jordao, A.; Cléret, D.; Dhayer, M.; Le Rest, M.; Cao, S.; Rech, A.; Azaroual, N.; Drucbert, A.-S.; Maboudou, P.; Dekiouk, S.; et al. Engineering 3D-Printed Bioresorbable Scaffold to Improve Non-Vascularized Fat Grafting: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 3337. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11123337
Jordao A, Cléret D, Dhayer M, Le Rest M, Cao S, Rech A, Azaroual N, Drucbert A-S, Maboudou P, Dekiouk S, et al. Engineering 3D-Printed Bioresorbable Scaffold to Improve Non-Vascularized Fat Grafting: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(12):3337. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11123337
Chicago/Turabian StyleJordao, Amélia, Damien Cléret, Mélanie Dhayer, Mégann Le Rest, Shengheng Cao, Alexandre Rech, Nathalie Azaroual, Anne-Sophie Drucbert, Patrice Maboudou, Salim Dekiouk, and et al. 2023. "Engineering 3D-Printed Bioresorbable Scaffold to Improve Non-Vascularized Fat Grafting: A Proof-of-Concept Study" Biomedicines 11, no. 12: 3337. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11123337