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Biomedicines
Volume 10
Issue 2
10.3390/biomedicines10020439
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Review

Shared Molecular Mechanisms among Alzheimer’s Disease, Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Vascular Risk Factors: A Narrative Review

by
Lorenzo Falsetti
1,*,
Giovanna Viticchi
2,
Vincenzo Zaccone
1,
Emanuele Guerrieri
3,
Gianluca Moroncini
4,
Simona Luzzi
2 and
Mauro Silvestrini
2
1
Internal and Subintensive Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Ospedali Riuniti” di Ancona, 60100 Ancona, Italy
2
Neurologic Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
3
Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
4
Clinica Medica, Marche Polytechnic University, 60124 Ancona, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2022, 10(2), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020439
Submission received: 3 January 2022 / Revised: 27 January 2022 / Accepted: 12 February 2022 / Published: 14 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research of Alzheimer's Disease)
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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, affecting 24 million individuals. Clinical and epidemiological studies have found several links between vascular risk factors (VRF), neurovascular unit dysfunction (NVUd), blood-brain barrier breakdown (BBBb) and AD onset and progression in adulthood, suggesting a pathogenetic continuum between AD and vascular dementia. Shared pathways between AD, VRF, and NVUd/BBB have also been found at the molecular level, underlining the strength of this association. The present paper reviewed the literature describing commonly shared molecular pathways between adult-onset AD, VRF, and NVUd/BBBb. Current evidence suggests that VRF and NVUd/BBBb are involved in AD neurovascular and neurodegenerative pathology and share several molecular pathways. This is strongly supportive of the hypothesis that the presence of VRF can at least facilitate AD onset and progression through several mechanisms, including NVUd/BBBb. Moreover, vascular disease and several comorbidities may have a cumulative effect on VRF and worsen the clinical manifestations of AD. Early detection and correction of VRF and vascular disease by improving NVUd/BBBd could be a potential target to reduce the overall incidence and delay cognitive impairment in AD.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; vascular risk factors; hypertension; type 2 diabetes mellitus; dyslipidemia; cigarette smoking Alzheimer’s disease; vascular risk factors; hypertension; type 2 diabetes mellitus; dyslipidemia; cigarette smoking

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MDPI and ACS Style

Falsetti, L.; Viticchi, G.; Zaccone, V.; Guerrieri, E.; Moroncini, G.; Luzzi, S.; Silvestrini, M. Shared Molecular Mechanisms among Alzheimer’s Disease, Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Vascular Risk Factors: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020439

AMA Style

Falsetti L, Viticchi G, Zaccone V, Guerrieri E, Moroncini G, Luzzi S, Silvestrini M. Shared Molecular Mechanisms among Alzheimer’s Disease, Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Vascular Risk Factors: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(2):439. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020439

Chicago/Turabian Style

Falsetti, Lorenzo, Giovanna Viticchi, Vincenzo Zaccone, Emanuele Guerrieri, Gianluca Moroncini, Simona Luzzi, and Mauro Silvestrini. 2022. "Shared Molecular Mechanisms among Alzheimer’s Disease, Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Vascular Risk Factors: A Narrative Review" Biomedicines 10, no. 2: 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020439

APA Style

Falsetti, L., Viticchi, G., Zaccone, V., Guerrieri, E., Moroncini, G., Luzzi, S., & Silvestrini, M. (2022). Shared Molecular Mechanisms among Alzheimer’s Disease, Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Vascular Risk Factors: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines, 10(2), 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020439

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