Potential Effects of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Periodontal Parameters, Inflammatory Markers, and Kidney Function Indicators in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Chronic Periodontitis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Considerations
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Assessment of Clinical Periodontal Parameters
2.4. Collection of Blood Samples
2.5. Provision of NSPT
2.6. Biochemical Assay
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Primary Characteristics of Study Participants
3.2. Clinical Periodontal Parameters
3.3. Inflammatory Markers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Groups | Significance | ||
---|---|---|---|
Demographic Features | Non-CKD Group n (%) (n = 33) | CKD Group n (%) (n = 33) | p-Value |
Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 49.18 ± 8.58 | 55.96 ± 11.26 | 0.1 |
Gender | |||
Male Female | 16 (24.2) 17 (25.8) | 27 (40.9) 6 (9.1) | 0.004 |
Ethnicity | |||
Malay Chinese | 28 (42.4) 5 (7.6) | 31 (47) 2 (3) | 0.4 |
Marital status | |||
Married Single | 28 (42.4) 5 (7.6) | 27 (40.9) 6 (9.1) | 0.7 |
Mean number of teeth present | 24.36 ± 3.89 | 19.51 ± 6.23 | < 0.001 |
Smoking | |||
Non-smokers Ex-smokers Active smokers | 22 (33.3) 7 (10.6) 4 (6.1) | 25 (37.9) 6 (9.1) 2 (3.0) | 0.7 |
CKD staging | |||
Stage-III Stage-IV | - - | 12 (36.4) 21 (63.6) | |
Medical illness | |||
Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Ischemic heart disease Other medical illnesses No medical illness | 1 9 - - 23 | 19 23 6 5 - |
Periodontal Parameters | Baseline | Six Weeks Follow-Up | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
PPD (mm) | ptime * group = 0.002 ptime < 0.001 pgroup = 0.9 | ||
Non-CKD | 4.76 ± 0.52 | 2.97 ± 0.74 * | |
CKD | 5.02 ± 0.50 † | 2.74 ± 0.50 * | |
p-value | 0.046 | 0.15 | |
CAL (mm) | ptime * group = 0.02 ptime < 0.001 pgroup = 0.1 | ||
Non-CKD | 4.79 ± 0.53 | 3.20 ± 0.152 * | |
CKD | 5.34 ± 1.06 † | 3.27 ± 0.152 * | |
p-value | 0.01 | 0.77 | |
GBI (%) | ptime * group = 0.9 ptime < 0.001 pgroup = 0.3 | ||
Non-CKD | 52.78 ± 22.33 | 19.68 ±13.38 * | |
CKD | 56.12 ± 19.01 | 23.30 ± 5.81 * | |
p-value | 0.515 | 0.171 | |
PS (%) | ptime * group = 0.6 ptime < 0.001 pgroup = 0.3 | ||
Non-CKD | 63.61 ± 18.41 | 23.49 ± 14.17 * | |
CKD | 61.53 ± 20.78 | 19.27 ± 8.16 * | |
p-value | 0.688 | 0.143 |
Variables | Baseline | Six Weeks Follow-Up | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
hs-CRP (mg/L) | ptime * group = 0.2 ptime < 0.001 pgroup = 0.02 | ||
Non-CKD | 1.71 ± 1.64 | 0.82 ± 0.71 * | |
CKD | 3.07 ± 2.37 † | 1.50 ± 1.38 * | |
p-value | 0.03 | 0.041 | |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | ptime * group = 0.3 ptime = 0.001 pgroup = 0.002 | ||
Non-CKD | 2.54 ± 1.09 | 1.89 ± 0.63 * | |
CKD | 4.11 ± 2.84 † | 2.93 ± 1.47 * | |
p-value | 0.013 | 0.002 | |
Serum urea (mmol/L) | ptime * group = 0.9 ptime = 0.8 pgroup < 0.001 | ||
Non-CKD | 4.15 ± 1.23 | 4.04 ± 1.15 | |
CKD | 12.57 ± 4.84 † | 12.30 ± 5.35 | |
p-value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | ptime * group = 0.6 ptime = 0.1 pgroup < 0.001 | ||
Non-CKD | 89.60 ± 21.33 | 92.21 ± 18.30 | |
CKD | 25.96 ± 10.56 † | 27.18 ± 12.17 | |
p-value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
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Chaudhry, A.; Kassim, N.K.; Zainuddin, S.L.A.; Taib, H.; Ibrahim, H.A.; Ahmad, B.; Hanafi, M.H.; Adnan, A.S. Potential Effects of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Periodontal Parameters, Inflammatory Markers, and Kidney Function Indicators in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Chronic Periodontitis. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 2752. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112752
Chaudhry A, Kassim NK, Zainuddin SLA, Taib H, Ibrahim HA, Ahmad B, Hanafi MH, Adnan AS. Potential Effects of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Periodontal Parameters, Inflammatory Markers, and Kidney Function Indicators in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Chronic Periodontitis. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(11):2752. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112752
Chicago/Turabian StyleChaudhry, Ahmed, Nur Karyatee Kassim, Siti Lailatul Akmar Zainuddin, Haslina Taib, Hanim Afzan Ibrahim, Basaruddin Ahmad, Muhammad Hafiz Hanafi, and Azreen Syazril Adnan. 2022. "Potential Effects of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Periodontal Parameters, Inflammatory Markers, and Kidney Function Indicators in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Chronic Periodontitis" Biomedicines 10, no. 11: 2752. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112752