Label Free, Lateral Flow Prostaglandin E2 Electrochemical Immunosensor for Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Sensor Fabrication and SEM-EDAX Analysis
2.3. Electrode Modification and Sensor Stack Development
2.4. ATR-FTIR Studies
2.5. Lateral Flow Optimization and Contact-Angle Studies
2.6. Open Circuit Potential Studies
2.7. Design of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Experiments and Sensor Calibration in Human Urine
2.8. Zeta Potential Studies
2.9. Sensor Performance in Varying Urine pH
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Immunoassay Analysis and Binding Chemistry Validation
3.2. Lateral Flow Optimization
3.3. Electrochemical Optimization
3.3.1. Electrochemical Stability Analysis
3.3.2. Signal Enhancement Due to Nanoconfinement
3.3.3. Surface Charge Behavior of Assay Stack
3.3.4. Electrochemical Characterization of Sensor Response in Urine Buffer
3.4. Performance Evaluation of Lateral Flow Electrochemical Sensor
3.5. Effect of Urine pH and Matrix Composition on Sensor Performance
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Ganguly, A.; Ebrahimzadeh, T.; Zimmern, P.E.; De Nisco, N.J.; Prasad, S. Label Free, Lateral Flow Prostaglandin E2 Electrochemical Immunosensor for Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis. Chemosensors 2021, 9, 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9090271
Ganguly A, Ebrahimzadeh T, Zimmern PE, De Nisco NJ, Prasad S. Label Free, Lateral Flow Prostaglandin E2 Electrochemical Immunosensor for Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis. Chemosensors. 2021; 9(9):271. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9090271
Chicago/Turabian StyleGanguly, Antra, Tahmineh Ebrahimzadeh, Philippe E. Zimmern, Nicole J. De Nisco, and Shalini Prasad. 2021. "Label Free, Lateral Flow Prostaglandin E2 Electrochemical Immunosensor for Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis" Chemosensors 9, no. 9: 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9090271