A New Chemosensor Based on a Luminescent Complex for the Investigation of Some Organophosphorus Pesticides in Environmental Samples
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Solution Preparation
2.4. Binding Affinity Calculation
2.5. Preparation of Water Samples
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. The Spectroscopy of Europium (III)–(vitB1)2 Complex
3.1.1. UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy
3.1.2. Luminescence Spectroscopy
3.1.3. Molar Ratio Method
3.2. Emission Spectra of Europiumn(III)–(vitB1)2 Complex with Various OPPs
3.2.1. Calibration Data and Investigation of Quenching Mechanism
3.2.2. Stoichiometry and Binding Constant
3.2.3. Selectivity
3.2.4. Effect of Interference
4. Applications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pesticides | Temp. (K) | R2 | Stern–Volmer Quenching Constant K (L mol−1) × 105 | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorfenvinphos | 298 | 0.9998 | 8.61 | 0.22 |
303 | 0.9985 | 7.85 | 0.25 | |
308 | 0.9939 | 6.93 | 0.3.44 | |
313 | 0.9953 | 6.15 | 0534 | |
318 | 0.9949 | 5.42 | 0.117 | |
Malathion | 298 | 0.9998 | 4.21 | 0.235 |
303 | 0.9964 | 3.82 | 0.085 | |
308 | 0.9943 | 3.41 | 0.034 | |
313 | 0.9945 | 3.33 | 0.016 | |
318 | 0.9965 | 3.10 | 0.018 |
Parameters | P2 | P8 |
---|---|---|
Regression equation | F0/F = 8600 X + 0.92 | F0/F = 4300 X + 0.98 |
Slope | 8600 | 4300 |
Intercept | 0.92 | 0.98 |
R2 | 0.9933 | 0.9993 |
Accuracy (n = 8) | 100.61 ± 2.74 | 101.88 ± 1.99 |
Correlation coefficient (r) | 0.9998 | 0.99926 |
Linear range | 0.95–20 µM | 0.36–6 µM |
SE of intercept | 0.03358 | 0.01359 |
SD of intercept | 0.095 | 0.036 |
LOQ | 0.95 µM | 0.36 µM |
LOD | 0.31 µM | 0.12 µM |
Chemosensors | Detection Limit | Other Pesticides Sensitive to the Probe | Optimum Condition for Detection | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eu(III)–(vitB1)2 complex | 0.31 and 0.12 µM for chlorfenvinphos and malathion, respectively | ----- | In methanol | This work |
Eu–bathophenanthroline (batho) probe | 1.46 µM for chlorfenvinphos | Azinphos-ethyl, diazinon, and isofenphos | In 50% (v/v) acetonitrile–water mixture at pH = 6 | [33] |
Tb(III)-[ethyl-4-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)−2-quinolinone-3-carboxylate] complex | 0.94 and 2.68 μM for malathion in ethanol and water, respectively | Crotoxyphos | In water or ethanol | [34] |
Europium-o-(4-methoxy benzoyl) benzoic acid [o-(4-anisoyl)] complex | 2.82 µM for chlorfenvinphos | Azinphos-ethyl, diazinon, and isofenphos | In ethanol–water (5:5 v/v) solution | [35] |
Terbium-N(acetoacetyl)-3-allyl-2hydroxybenzaldehyde hydrazone complex | 4.53 and 9.59 μ M for chlorfenvinphos and malathion, respectively | ------ | In ethanol | [36] |
Europium-(allyl-3-carboxycoumarin) complex | ------- | Chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and crotoxyphos | In ethanol | [21] |
Tb(III)-(3-allyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid)3 complex | 1.9 μM for chlorfenvinphos | Dichlorvos | In methanol | [37] |
Eu(III)–TAN-1,10 phenanthroline | 0.64 μM for malathion | Endosulfan, heptachlor, and chlorpyrifos | In HEPS buffer (pH = 7.5) | [38] |
Eu(III)–pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid probe | 2.5 and 0.55 μM for malathion and chlorfenvinphos | Azinphos | In 0.10 volume fraction ethanol–water mixture at pH 7.5 (HEPES buffer) | [39] |
Pesticides | Temp. (K) | Ka (L. mol−1) × 105 | SD | n | R2 | ∆H0 (kJ mol−1) | ∆S0 (J mol−1 K−1) | ∆G0 (kJ mol−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorfenvinphos | 298 | 8.59 | 0.25 | 1.06 | 0.9990 | −17.09 ± 1.47 | 56.29 ± 4.77 | −33.85 |
303 | 7.68 | 0.22 | 1.04 | 0.9995 | −34.14 | |||
308 | 6.52 | 0.02 | 1.02 | 0.9984 | −34.28 | |||
313 | 6.05 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.9964 | −34.64 | |||
318 | 5.64 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.9924 | −35.01 | |||
Malathion | 298 | 4.21 | 0.03 | 1.06 | 0.9987 | −12.18 ± 1.85 | 66.43 ± 6.01 | −32.09 |
303 | 3.54 | 0.02 | 1.03 | 0.9790 | −32.19 | |||
308 | 3.43 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.9710 | −32.64 | |||
313 | 3.22 | 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.9760 | −33.00 | |||
318 | 3.01 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 0.9961 | −33.35 |
Interfering Species | Tolerance (µM) | |
---|---|---|
Chlorfenvinphos (P2) | Malathion (P8) | |
Co2+ | 15 | 25 |
Cd2+ | 48 | 60 |
CO32- | 50 | 200 |
Cu2+ | 16 | 100 |
K+ | 150 | 50 |
Na+ | 20 | 30 |
NH4+ | 40 | 60 |
Ni2+ | 10 | 20 |
NO3− | 25 | 20 |
Pb2+ | 200 | 205 |
PO43− | 30 | 150 |
Azinphos-ethyl, chlorpyrifos, crotoxyphos, diazinon, dichlorvos, isofenphos, paraoxon-ethyl, phosdrin, endosulfan, and heptachlor | 100 | 100 |
Pesticide (P) | Type of Water Sample | Equation for Regression | r2 | RDS (%) | Added [µM] | Calculated [µM] | Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorfenvinphos (P2) | Tap water | F0/F = 0.89 + 4500 (P2) | 0.99321 | 2.33 | 2.00 | 2.01 | 100.50 |
2.00 | 1.92 | 96.00 | |||||
2.00 | 2.10 | 105.00 | |||||
4.00 | 4.27 | 106.75 | |||||
4.00 | 4.13 | 103.25 | |||||
4.00 | 4.03 | 100.75 | |||||
River water | F0/F = 0.91 + 4200 (P2) | 0.99459 | 2.21 | 2.00 | 2.04 | 102.00 | |
2.00 | 1.84 | 92.00 | |||||
2.00 | 2.18 | 109.00 | |||||
4.00 | 4.24 | 101.2 | |||||
4.00 | 4.05 | 101.25 | |||||
4.00 | 3.85 | 96.25 | |||||
Wastewater | F0/F = 0.88 + 4320 (P2) | 0.99593 | 2.37 | 2.00 | 2.13 | 105.50 | |
2.00 | 2.08 | 104.00 | |||||
2.00 | 1.97 | 98.50 | |||||
4.00 | 4.32 | 108.00 | |||||
4.00 | 4.11 | 102.75 | |||||
4.00 | 4.04 | 101.00 | |||||
Malathion (P8) | Tap water | F0/F = 0.93 + 8600 (P8) | 0.99489 | 1.78 | 5.00 | 4.23 | 84.60 |
5.00 | 4.52 | 90.4 | |||||
5.00 | 4.55 | 91.00 | |||||
10.00 | 9.41 | 94.10 | |||||
10.00 | 9.70 | 97.00 | |||||
10.00 | 9.79 | 97.90 | |||||
River water | F0/F = 0.97 + 8700 (P8) | 0.99658 | 1.82 | 5.00 | 5.05 | 101.00 | |
5.00 | 5.10 | 102.00 | |||||
5.00 | 5.06 | 101.20 | |||||
10.00 | 9.59 | 95.90 | |||||
10.00 | 9.78 | 97.80 | |||||
10.00 | 9.77 | 97.70 | |||||
Wastewater | F0/F = 0.89 + 8500 (P8) | 0.99875 | 1.62 | 5.00 | 5.30 | 106.00 | |
5.00 | 5.20 | 104.00 | |||||
5.00 | 5.12 | 102.4 | |||||
10.00 | 10.20 | 102.00 | |||||
10.00 | 10.20 | 102.00 | |||||
10.00 | 10.19 | 101.90 |
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Alhamami, M.A.M.; Algethami, J.S.; Rizk, M.A.; Abbas, A.M.; Khairy, G.M. A New Chemosensor Based on a Luminescent Complex for the Investigation of Some Organophosphorus Pesticides in Environmental Samples. Chemosensors 2022, 10, 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10100391
Alhamami MAM, Algethami JS, Rizk MA, Abbas AM, Khairy GM. A New Chemosensor Based on a Luminescent Complex for the Investigation of Some Organophosphorus Pesticides in Environmental Samples. Chemosensors. 2022; 10(10):391. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10100391
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlhamami, Mohsen A. M., Jari S. Algethami, Moustafa A. Rizk, Abbas M. Abbas, and Gasser M. Khairy. 2022. "A New Chemosensor Based on a Luminescent Complex for the Investigation of Some Organophosphorus Pesticides in Environmental Samples" Chemosensors 10, no. 10: 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10100391