A Longitudinal Study on the Relationship between Physical Education and Social Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Questions and Study Models
- 1.
- How does the relationship between PE class achievement and social relationships develop over time?
- 2.
- How does the relationship between PE class achievement and a sense of community emerge over time?
- 3.
- How does the relationship between social relationships and a sense of community emerge over time?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Data and Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Correlations
3.3. Nested Model Comparisons
3.4. Structural Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. PE Achievement and Social Relationships
4.2. PE and Sense of Community
4.3. Social Relationship and Sense of Community
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- 1.
- What was your grade in PE class last semester?
- 2.
- How would you rate your performance in your PE class in the past semester compared to other students?
- 1.
- My parents consider me to be more important than other things (e.g., work).
- 2.
- My parents show interest in and ask about my school life.
- 3.
- My parents always ensure that I keep myself clean and my clothes and bedding are clean.
- 4.
- My parents provide me with proper care when I am really sick.
- 1.
- I get along with other kids in my class.
- 2.
- I apologize first when I get into a fight with a friend.
- 3.
- When my tablemate forgets to bring their textbook or other supplies, I share mine.
- 4.
- My opinions or suggestions are well received by other children when we play or do group activities.
- 1.
- I say “Hi” to my teachers when I encounter them.
- 2.
- I feel comfortable talking to my teachers.
- 3.
- I like bumping into my teachers outside the school.
- 4.
- My teachers are friendly with me.
- 1.
- I am willing to actively help my friends who are in trouble.
- 2.
- I am willing to give up my free time and volunteer at a welfare center on holidays.
- 3.
- I am willing to make donations to countries that are poorer than mine.
- 4.
- I am willing to actively participate in practices such as conserving goods, appropriately using recycling bins, and recycling products to protect the earth.
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Mean | Standard Deviation | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis | Cronbach α | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PE achievement score | M1 | 4.32 | 2.41 | 1–8 | 0.20 | −1.27 | 0.728 |
M2 | 3.84 | 2.42 | 0.45 | −1.11 | 0.745 | ||
M3 | 3.37 | 2.37 | 0.74 | −0.76 | 0.713 | ||
PE achievement—subjective evaluation | M1 | 2.72 | 1.13 | 1–5 | 0.12 | −0.67 | 0.728 |
M2 | 2.57 | 1.16 | 0.33 | −0.61 | 0.745 | ||
M3 | 2.41 | 1.11 | 0.41 | −0.52 | 0.713 | ||
Relationship with parents | M1 | 1.76 | 0.53 | 1–4 | 0.14 | −0.11 | 0.774 |
M2 | 1.78 | 0.54 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.734 | ||
M3 | 1.81 | 0.51 | 0.04 | −0.31 | 0.727 | ||
Peer relationship | M1 | 1.86 | 0.47 | 1–4 | 0.13 | 0.89 | 0.716 |
M2 | 1.85 | 0.45 | −0.18 | 0.09 | 0.721 | ||
M3 | 1.83 | 0.44 | −0.09 | 0.58 | 0.722 | ||
Relationship with teachers | M1 | 2.02 | 0.64 | 1–4 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.843 |
M2 | 2.01 | 0.62 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.850 | ||
M3 | 1.97 | 0.60 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.848 | ||
Sense of community | M1 | 2.00 | 0.58 | 1–4 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.802 |
M2 | 2.04 | 0.54 | −0.04 | 0.37 | 0.785 | ||
M3 | 1.99 | 0.53 | −0.07 | 0.24 | 0.783 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. PE Class (M1) | ||||||||
2. PE Class (M2) | 0.441 ** | |||||||
3. PE Class (M3) | 0.401 ** | 0.528 ** | ||||||
4. Social Relationship (M1) | 0.299 ** | 0.308 ** | 0.202 ** | |||||
5. Social Relationship (M2) | 0.289 ** | 0.321 ** | 0.280 ** | 0.563 ** | ||||
6. Social Relationship (M3) | 0.274 ** | 0.259 ** | 0.371 ** | 0.472 ** | 0.643 ** | |||
7. Sense of Community (M1) | 0.234 ** | 0.160 ** | 0.129 ** | 0.692 ** | 0.373 ** | 0.341 ** | ||
8. Sense of Community (M2) | 0.154 ** | 0.189 ** | 0.174 ** | 0.468 ** | 0.702 ** | 0.485 ** | 0.447 ** | |
9. Sense of Community (M3) | 0.195 ** | 0.198 ** | 0.214 ** | 0.395 ** | 0.450 ** | 0.749 ** | 0.397 ** | 0.503 ** |
Model | χ2 | df | CFI | RMSEA (90% CI) | SRMR | ΔCFI | ΔRMSEA | ΔSRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 1138.118 | 270 | 0.967 | 0.037 (0.035, 0.039) | 0.0364 | - | - | - |
Model 2 | 1142.869 | 272 | 0.967 | 0.037 (0.035, 0.039) | 0.0364 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Model 3 | 1152.804 | 278 | 0.966 | 0.036 (0.034,0.039) | 0.0365 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Model 4 | 1161.517 | 282 | 0.966 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.038) | 0.0364 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Model 5 | 1167.91 | 283 | 0.966 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.038) | 0.0364 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Model 6 | 1173.057 | 284 | 0.966 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.038) | 0.0363 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Model 7 | 1180.349 | 285 | 0.966 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.039) | 0.0367 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 |
Model 8 | 1185.796 | 286 | 0.966 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.039) | 0.0368 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Model 9 | 1188.742 | 287 | 0.965 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.039) | 0.0368 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Model 10 | 1200.227 | 288 | 0.965 | 0.037 (0.034, 0.039) | 0.0370 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Model 11 | 1200.271 | 289 | 0.965 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.039) | 0.0370 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Model 12 | 1200.342 | 290 | 0.965 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.038) | 0.0371 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Model 13 | 1209.031 | 291 | 0.965 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.039) | 0.0373 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Model 14 | 1215.123 | 292 | 0.965 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.039) | 0.0375 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Model 15 | 1217.891 | 293 | 0.965 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.039) | 0.0374 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Model 16 | 1217.919 | 294 | 0.965 | 0.036 (0.034, 0.038) | 0.0374 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Parameter | Estimate | SE | CR | Standardized | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PE_M1 | → | PE_M2 | 0.432 | 0.016 | 26.63 | 0.426 | 0.003 ** |
PE_M2 | → | PE_M3 | 0.432 | 0.016 | 26.63 | 0.458 | 0.003 ** |
Social_M1 | → | Social_M2 | 0.597 | 0.032 | 18.889 | 0.580 | 0.002 ** |
Social_M2 | → | Social_M3 | 0.597 | 0.032 | 18.889 | 0.596 | 0.002 ** |
Comm_M1 | → | Comm_M2 | 0.277 | 0.027 | 10.064 | 0.297 | 0.006 ** |
Comm_M2 | → | Comm_M3 | 0.277 | 0.027 | 10.064 | 0.289 | 0.006 ** |
PE_M1 | → | Social_M2 | 0.035 | 0.006 | 6.073 | 0.099 | 0.003 ** |
PE_M2 | → | Social_M3 | 0.035 | 0.006 | 6.073 | 0.100 | 0.003 ** |
Social_M1 | → | PE_M2 | 0.617 | 0.085 | 7.296 | 0.207 | 0.006 ** |
Social_M2 | → | PE_M3 | 0.617 | 0.085 | 7.296 | 0.226 | 0.006 ** |
PE_M1 | → | Comm_M2 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 2.204 | 0.036 | 0.079 |
PE_M2 | → | Comm_M3 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 2.204 | 0.038 | 0.079 |
Comm_M1 | → | PE_M2 | −0.353 | 0.124 | −2.857 | −0.078 | 0.005 ** |
Comm_M2 | → | PE_M3 | −0.353 | 0.124 | −2.857 | −0.077 | 0.005 ** |
Social_M1 | → | Comm_M2 | 0.151 | 0.018 | 8.19 | 0.248 | 0.002 ** |
Social_M2 | → | Comm_M3 | 0.151 | 0.018 | 8.19 | 0.266 | 0.002 ** |
Comm_M1 | → | Social_M2 | 0.017 | 0.046 | 0.377 | 0.011 | 0.682 |
Comm_M2 | → | Social_M3 | 0.017 | 0.046 | 0.377 | 0.010 | 0.682 |
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Cheon, H.; Lim, S. A Longitudinal Study on the Relationship between Physical Education and Social Health. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091134
Cheon H, Lim S. A Longitudinal Study on the Relationship between Physical Education and Social Health. Healthcare. 2021; 9(9):1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091134
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheon, Hanguk, and Seijun Lim. 2021. "A Longitudinal Study on the Relationship between Physical Education and Social Health" Healthcare 9, no. 9: 1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9091134