Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phisiology of AASs
3. Pathophysiology of AASs
4. AAS Use and Adverse Effects
4.1. Autopsy Findings
4.2. Brain and Behavior
4.3. Cardiovascular System
4.4. Liver
4.5. Urinary System
4.6. Muscoloskeletal System
4.7. Reproductive System
4.8. Hematologic Consequences
4.9. AASs and Cancer
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organ/System | Author(s) | Year of Publication | Adverse Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Brain and Behavior | Bertozzi, et al. | 2019 | ↓ orbitofrontal cortex; lack of inhibitory control. |
Hauger, et al. | 2019 | ↓ memory, ↓ anxiety ↑ depression. | |
Joksimovic, et al. | 2019 | ↓ orbitofrontal cortex; lack of inhibitory control. | |
Karimooy, et al. | 2019 | Neurodegeneration; histopathologic changes in hippocampus. | |
Bertozzi, et al. | 2018 | ↑ aggressiveness. | |
Bjørnebekk, et al. | 2017 | Lower cognitive functions, motor and executive performance; ↓ gray matter, cortical and putamen volume. | |
Bueno, et al. | 2017 | Neurodegeneration. | |
Turillazzi, et al. | 2016 | Neurodegeneration; hippocampus, striatum and frontal cortex injury. | |
Joukar, et al. | 2017 | Neurodegeneration. | |
Kaufman, et al. | 2015 | ↑↑ right amygdala volume. | |
Piacentino, et al. | 2015 | ↓ memory, ↑ aggressiveness, ↓ anxiety ↑ depression. | |
Gomes, et al. | 2014 | Neurodegeneration. | |
Basile, et al. | 2013 | Neurodegeneration. | |
Kanayama, et al. | 2013 | Cognitive dysfunction. | |
Elfverson, et al. | 2011 | ↑ aggressiveness. | |
Melloni, Jr., et al. | 2010 | Anxiety-like behavior. | |
Kouvelas, et al. | 2008 | ↓ memory, ↓ anxiety. | |
Sato, et al. | 2008 | ↑ aggressiveness. | |
Rashid, et al. | 2007 | ↓ memory, ↑ aggressiveness, ↓ anxiety ↑ depression. | |
Henderson, et al. | 2006 | behavioral effects. | |
Cardiovascular system | Marocolo, et al. | 2018 | Arrhythmic events; cardiac hypertrophy. |
Rasmussen, et al. | 2018 | Hypertension; left ventricular hypertrophy. | |
Baggish, et al. | 2017 | ↑ left ventricular mass index; ↑ left ventricular walls; myocardial mechanical dysfunction. myocardial infarction. | |
Seara, et al. | 2017 | ↑ left ventricular mass index; ↑ left ventricular walls; myocardial mechanical dysfunction. | |
Christou, et al. | 2016 | Abnormal plasma lipoproteins. | |
Esperón, et al. | 2016 | Atherosclerotic plaque. | |
Vasilaki, et al. | 2016 | Cardiac injury | |
Akçakoyun et al. | 2014 | Arrhythmic events. | |
Angell, et at. | 2012 | Arrhythmic events; impairment of cardiac repolarization. | |
Golestani, et al. | 2012 | ↓ plasma levels of HDL cholesterol; ↑ LDL cholesterol levels; arrhythmic events. | |
Chrostowski, et al. | 2011 | Increased synthesis of heart muscle, left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension. | |
Riezzo, et al. | 2011 | Hypertension; left ventricular hypertrophy; pro-atherogenic effects; thrombosis. | |
Achar, et al. | 2010 | ↓ plasma levels of HDL cholesterol; ↑ LDL cholesterol levels. | |
Alves, et al. | 2010 | Increased sympathetic activity. | |
D’Andrea, et al. | 2007 | Left ventricular dysfunction. | |
Phillis, et al. | 2007 | Arrhythmic events. | |
Chaves, et al. | 2006 | Oxidative stress. | |
Nottin, et al. | 2006 | ↓ left ventricle relaxation properties. | |
Pereira-Junior, et al. | 2006 | Impairment of parasympathetic cardiac modulation; heart rate variability. | |
Liver | Solimini, et al. | 2017 | Mitochondrial degeneration of hepatic cells. |
Bond, et al. | 2016 | Hepatotoxicity. | |
Neri, et al. | 2011 | Hepatotoxicity. | |
Schwingel, et al. | 2011 | Liver fibrosis process. | |
Vieira, et al. | 2008 | Liver fibrosis process. | |
Urinary system | Brasil, et al. | 2015 | Kidney fibrosis. |
Riezzo, et al. | 2014 | Oxidative stress; Accumulation of mesangial matrix. | |
D’Errico, et al. | 2011 | Accumulation of mesangial matrix. | |
Muscoloskeletal system | Carson, et al. | 2015 | ↑ Muscle mass. |
Marqueti, et al. | 2011 | Tendon damage. | |
Paschoal, et al. | 2009 | Skeletal muscles injuries. | |
Reproductive system | Armstrong, et al. | 2018 | Sexual dysfunctions. |
Barone, et al. | 2017 | Spermatogenesis alteration. | |
El Osta, et al. | 2016 | Infertility; ↓ number of spermatidis. | |
García-Manso, et al. | 2016 | Changes in number, diameter and thickness of seminiferous tubules. | |
Pomara, et al. | 2015 | Impairment of testosterone production. | |
Rahnema, et al. | 2014 | Hypogonadism. | |
Coward, et al. | 2013 | Hypogonadism. | |
Hematologic consequences | Chang, et al. | 2018 | ↑ Thrombosis. |
Casavant, et al. | 2007 | ↑ hematocrit, ↑ erythrocytosis. |
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Albano, G.D.; Amico, F.; Cocimano, G.; Liberto, A.; Maglietta, F.; Esposito, M.; Rosi, G.L.; Di Nunno, N.; Salerno, M.; Montana, A. Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare 2021, 9, 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010097
Albano GD, Amico F, Cocimano G, Liberto A, Maglietta F, Esposito M, Rosi GL, Di Nunno N, Salerno M, Montana A. Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare. 2021; 9(1):97. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010097
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlbano, Giuseppe Davide, Francesco Amico, Giuseppe Cocimano, Aldo Liberto, Francesca Maglietta, Massimiliano Esposito, Giuseppe Li Rosi, Nunzio Di Nunno, Monica Salerno, and Angelo Montana. 2021. "Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review" Healthcare 9, no. 1: 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010097
APA StyleAlbano, G. D., Amico, F., Cocimano, G., Liberto, A., Maglietta, F., Esposito, M., Rosi, G. L., Di Nunno, N., Salerno, M., & Montana, A. (2021). Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare, 9(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010097