Nurses’ Workplace Conditions Impacting Their Mental Health during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.2. Theoretical Framework
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection and Sample
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Outcome Variables
2.2.2. Key Predictors
2.2.3. Control Variables
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
Regression Analysis Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean (SD) | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Nurse Characteristics | |||
Role | |||
Direct care provider | - | 3161 | 86 |
Nurse leader | - | 393 | 10.7 |
Educator | - | 122 | 3.3 |
Total | 3676 | ||
Designation 1 | |||
RN | - | 2735 | 74.4 |
RPN | - | 200 | 5.4 |
Dually registered (RN/RPN) | - | 15 | 0.4 |
LPN | - | 714 | 19.4 |
Total | 3664 | ||
Years of nursing experience | 12 (7.2) | - | - |
Workplace Characteristics | Mean (SD) | n | % |
Sector | |||
Acute care | - | 2319 | 63.2 |
Community care | - | 870 | 23.7 |
Long-term care | - | 483 | 13.2 |
Total | 3672 | ||
Geographic area | |||
Urban | - | 2324 | 63.6 |
Suburban | - | 727 | 19.9 |
Rural | - | 605 | 16.5 |
Total | 3656 |
Workplace Conditions | n | Mean | SD | Range 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Key predictors | ||||
Workplace safety | ||||
Frequency of direct contact with COVID patients 1 | 3587 | 2.91 | 1.97 | 1–7 |
Concern for contracting COVID 2 | 3597 | 3.47 | 1.12 | 1–5 |
Concern for bringing COVID home 2 | 3597 | 3.90 | 1.14 | 1–5 |
Likelihood of refusing unsafe work if denied appropriate PPE 3 | 3563 | 1.99 | 0.92 | 1–4 |
Confidence in ability to assess PPE requirements 4 | 3576 | 2.55 | 1.20 | 1–6 |
Confidence in ability to assess risk 4 | 3574 | 2.48 | 1.07 | 1–6 |
Experienced COVID-19 symptoms 5 | 3577 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0–1 |
Submitted workers’ compensation 5 | 3549 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0–1 |
Resources and supplies | ||||
Nurse staffing adequacy 6 | 3597 | 3.48 | 1.60 | 1–6 |
PPE adequacy 7 | 3574 | 3.30 | 1.54 | 1–6 |
PPE quality 7 | 3569 | 3.59 | 1.50 | 1–6 |
Training 8 | 3526 | 2.33 | 0.99 | 1–5 |
N95 mask fitting 9 | 3575 | 3.27 | 1.54 | 1–7 |
Organizational preparedness | ||||
Confidence in organizational handling of the pandemic 4 | 3527 | 3.49 | 1.34 | 1–6 |
Confidence in manager’s handling of the pandemic 4 | 3522 | 3.48 | 1.46 | 1–6 |
Frequency of COVID-19 related policy changes 10 | 3527 | 5.47 | 1.68 | 1–8 |
Transparency of pandemic-related organizational decisions 11 | 3522 | 3.29 | 1.02 | 1–5 |
Organizational support | ||||
Told to work despite exposure 5 | 3571 | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0–1 |
Told to work despite symptoms 5 | 3556 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0–1 |
Organizational support 12 | 3523 | 2.64 | 1.03 | 1–5 |
Workplace relations | ||||
Relationships with nursing colleagues 13 | 3524 | 3.05 | 0.79 | 1–5 |
Relationships with manager 13 | 3526 | 3.25 | 0.80 | 1–5 |
Relationships with the rest of allied health 13 | 3523 | 3.11 | 0.70 | 1–5 |
Outcome Variables | Frequency | Percent | Mean | SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (PTSS-14) | |||||
Under cutoff (14–44) | 1944 | 52.9 | |||
Met cutoff, PTSD (45–98) | 1732 | 47.1 | |||
Total | 3369 | 46.68 | 19.37 | 14–98 | |
Anxiety (GAD-7) | |||||
Under cutoff (0–9) | 2114 | 62.4 | |||
Met cutoff, anxiety (10–21) | 1273 | 37.6 | |||
Total | 3387 | 8.53 | 5.80 | 0–21 | |
Depression (PHQ-9) | |||||
Under cutoff (0–9) | 1972 | 58.6 | |||
Met cutoff, major depression (10–27) | 1391 | 41.4 | |||
Total | 3363 | 8.99 | 6.23 | 0–27 | |
Emotional Exhaustion (EE) (MBI-HSS) | |||||
Low EE (0–16) | 602 | 18.4 | |||
Moderate EE (17–26) | 692 | 21.2 | |||
High EE (27–54) | 1975 | 60.4 | |||
Total | 3269 | 30.05 | 13.23 | 0–54 |
PTSD (PTSS-14) | Anxiety (GAD-7) | Depression (PHQ-9) | Emotional Exhaustion (MBI-HSS) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p | B | 95% CI | p |
(Constant) | −9.50 | −14.35–−4.65 | 0.00 | −6.46 | −7.94–−4.98 | 0.00 | −5.43 | −7.06–−3.79 | 0.00 | −1.92 | −5.27–1.43 | 0.26 |
CONTROL VARIABLES | ||||||||||||
Role (Direct care provider) | −1.23 | −2.96–0.49 | 0.16 | −0.61 | −1.14–−0.09 | 0.02 | −0.55 | −1.13–0.03 | 0.06 | −3.29 | −4.48–−2.10 | 0.00 |
Sector (Acute care) | 1.04 | −0.26–2.34 | 0.12 | −0.04 | −0.44–0.36 | 0.84 | −0.19 | −0.63–0.25 | 0.39 | 0.42 | −0.48–1.32 | 0.36 |
Geographic area (Urban/suburban) | 0.94 | −0.62–2.49 | 0.24 | −0.07 | −0.54–0.41 | 0.79 | 0.00 | −0.53–0.52 | 0.99 | −0.20 | −1.27–0.87 | 0.71 |
Designation (RN/RPN) | 0.55 | −0.96–2.07 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.06–0.98 | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.47–0.55 | 0.87 | 1.47 | 0.42–2.52 | 0.01 |
Experience (Years of experience) | −0.08 | −0.17–0.00 | 0.06 | −0.06 | −0.09–−0.04 | 0.00 | −0.04 | −0.06–−0.01 | 0.01 | −0.09 | −0.15–−0.03 | 0.00 |
KEY PREDICTORS | ||||||||||||
Workplace safety | ||||||||||||
Frequency of direct contact | 0.62 | 0.30–0.94 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.00–0.19 | 0.06 | 0.10 | −0.01–0.21 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.16–0.60 | 0.00 |
Concern for contracting COVID | 1.27 | 0.48–2.06 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.13–0.61 | 0.00 | 0.16 | −0.11–0.42 | 0.24 | 0.47 | −0.07–1.01 | 0.09 |
Concern for bringing COVID home | 1.17 | 0.40–1.95 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.21–0.68 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.04–0.56 | 0.02 | 0.29 | −0.24–0.82 | 0.29 |
Refusing unsafe work if denied appropriate PPE | 1.56 | 0.91–2.21 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.25–0.64 | 0.00 | 0.50 | 0.29–0.72 | 0.00 | 0.37 | −0.08–0.82 | 0.11 |
Experienced COVID-19 symptoms | 4.12 | 2.87–5.37 | 0.00 | 1.24 | 0.86–1.63 | 0.00 | 1.53 | 1.11–1.95 | 0.00 | 1.81 | 0.94–2.67 | 0.00 |
Resources and supplies | ||||||||||||
Nurse staffing adequacy | 1.03 | 0.62–1.44 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.20–0.44 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.19–0.46 | 0.00 | 1.41 | 1.13–1.69 | 0.00 |
PPE access adequacy | 0.77 | 0.31–1.23 | 0.00 | 0.08 | −0.06–0.22 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.00–0.31 | 0.05 | 0.25 | −0.07–0.57 | 0.12 |
Organizational preparedness | ||||||||||||
Confidence in organizational handling of the pandemic | 0.63 | 0.03–1.29 | 0.06 | 0.17 | −0.03–0.37 | 0.09 | 0.11 | −0.12–0.33 | 0.35 | 0.77 | 0.32–1.23 | 0.00 |
Frequency of COVID-19 related policy changes | 1.30 | 0.94–1.66 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.32–0.54 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.34–0.59 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 0.65–1.15 | 0.00 |
Transparency of pandemic-related organizational decisions | 0.67 | −0.14–1.49 | 0.10 | 0.11 | −0.13–0.36 | 0.37 | 0.18 | −0.09–0.45 | 0.20 | 0.68 | 0.12–1.24 | 0.02 |
Organizational support | ||||||||||||
Organizational support | 1.97 | 1.13–2.80 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 0.35–0.86 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 0.43–0.99 | 0.00 | 1.48 | 0.90–2.06 | 0.00 |
Workplace relations | ||||||||||||
Relationships with nursing colleagues | 2.12 | 1.28–2.96 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 0.47–0.99 | 0.00 | 0.74 | 0.46–1.03 | 0.00 | 1.03 | 0.45–1.61 | 0.00 |
Relationships with manager | 1.34 | 0.44–2.23 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.08–0.62 | 0.01 | 0.15 | −0.15–0.45 | 0.33 | 0.87 | 0.25–1.49 | 0.01 |
Relationships with the rest of allied health | 2.44 | 1.49–3.39 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.27–0.85 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 0.39–1.03 | 0.00 | 1.31 | 0.66–1.97 | 0.00 |
Final model F-statistic, explained variance (Adjusted R2), model p | 59.98 (19, 3229) | 25.7% | 0.00 | 51.40 (19, 3245) | 22.7% | 0.00 | 40.92 (19, 3223) | 19.0% | 0.00 | 58.51 (19, 3136) | 25.7% | 0.00 |
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Havaei, F.; Ma, A.; Staempfli, S.; MacPhee, M. Nurses’ Workplace Conditions Impacting Their Mental Health during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Healthcare 2021, 9, 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010084
Havaei F, Ma A, Staempfli S, MacPhee M. Nurses’ Workplace Conditions Impacting Their Mental Health during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Healthcare. 2021; 9(1):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010084
Chicago/Turabian StyleHavaei, Farinaz, Andy Ma, Sabina Staempfli, and Maura MacPhee. 2021. "Nurses’ Workplace Conditions Impacting Their Mental Health during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study" Healthcare 9, no. 1: 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010084