Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Anemia among Young Children with Acute Diarrhea in Bhaktapur, Nepal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Area and Recruitment Procedure
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Definitions
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Baseline Features and Association with Hb and Ferritin Concentration
Characteristics | n = 560 | n = 1232 |
---|---|---|
Mean age, months (SD) | 15.7 (7.8) | 15.4 (7.7) |
Male child | 308 (55) | 684 (55) |
First-born child | 220 (39) | 471 (38) |
Mean number of loose stools 24 h prior to enrolment (SD) | 9.3 (4.3) | 8.7 (3.9) |
Some dehydration 2 | 90 (16) | 118 (10) |
Stunted (<−2Z length for age) | 187 (33) | 341 (28) |
Wasted (<−2Z weight for length) | 127 (23) | 271 (22) |
Underweight (<−2Z weight for age) | 279 (50) | 565 (46) |
Breast feeding infants 3 | 225 (96) | 491 (99) |
Infants introduced to animal or formula milk 3 | 93 (40) | 158 (28) |
Infants introduced to solid or semisolid foods 3 | 211 (91) | 524 (95) |
Family having drinking water from a tap | 535 (96) | 1175 (95) |
Family having toilet | 544 (97) | 1175 (95) |
Cemented household | 126 (24) | 296 (24) |
3.2. Prevalence of Anemia and Depletion of Iron Stores
Biochemical Markers | N (1232) | Cutoff Values | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) hemoglobin level, g/dL | 11.2 (1.2) | ||
Anemia | 493 | 11 g/dL | 40% |
Anemia adjusted to altitude 1 | 641 | 11.3 g/dL | 52% |
Median (IQR) plasma ferritin, μg/L | 16.0 (10, 25) | ||
Depleted iron stores | 407 | 12 μg/L | 33% |
Depleted iron stores among children with CRP <10 mg/L 2 | 340 | 12 μg/L | 39% |
Iron deficiency anemia 3 | 198 | 16% | |
Anemia without iron deficiency | 295 | 24% |
3.3. Correlation and Regression Analyses
Anemia 1 | Depleted Iron Stores 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n = 1232 | Adjusted | Adjusted | ||||
OR2 | 95% CI | p-value | OR 2 | 95% CI | p-value | ||
Age of children (Months) | |||||||
≤12 | 554 (45%) | 1 | |||||
13–24 | 498 (40%) | 0.31 | (0.24, 0.40) | <0.0001 | 0.98 | (0.77, 1.4) | 0.9 |
>24 | 180 (15%) | 0.21 | (0.12, 0.35) | <0.0001 | 0.52 | (0.32, 0.83) | 0.006 |
Stunted (<2Z length for age) | |||||||
No | 891 (72%) | 1 | |||||
Yes | 341 (28%) | 0.97 | (0.74, 1.3) | 0.7 | 1.1 | (0.83, 1.4) | 0.4 |
Total number of stool >10 times in past 24 h | |||||||
No | 946 (77%) | 1 | |||||
Yes | 286 (23%) | 1.1 | (0.83, 1.5) | 0.5 | 0.91 | (0.69, 1.2) | 0.3 |
Family ownership of land | |||||||
No | 360 (29%) | 1 | |||||
Yes | 872 (79%) | 0.57 | (0.44, 0.74) | <0.0001 | 0.95 | (0.75, 1.2) | 0.3 |
Birth order third or above | |||||||
No | 880 (71%) | 1 | |||||
Yes | 352 (29%) | 0.79 | (0.60, 1.0) | 0.08 | 0.78 | (0.75, 1.2) | 0.6 |
Seasons of enrolment 3 | |||||||
Summer (monsoon) | 520 (42%) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Winter | 189 (16%) | 0.75 | (0.53, 1.1) | 0.1 | 0.78 | (0.59, 1.0) | 0.09 |
Spring | 523 (42%) | 0.88 | (0.68, 1,1) | 0.3 | 0.81 | (0.63, 1.0) | 0.08 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Chandyo, R.K.; Ulak, M.; Adhikari, R.K.; Sommerfelt, H.; Strand, T.A. Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Anemia among Young Children with Acute Diarrhea in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Healthcare 2015, 3, 593-606. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3030593
Chandyo RK, Ulak M, Adhikari RK, Sommerfelt H, Strand TA. Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Anemia among Young Children with Acute Diarrhea in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Healthcare. 2015; 3(3):593-606. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3030593
Chicago/Turabian StyleChandyo, Ram K., Manjeswori Ulak, Ramesh K. Adhikari, Halvor Sommerfelt, and Tor A. Strand. 2015. "Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Anemia among Young Children with Acute Diarrhea in Bhaktapur, Nepal" Healthcare 3, no. 3: 593-606. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3030593