Comparison of a Restricted and Unrestricted Vegan Diet Plan with a Restricted Omnivorous Diet Plan on Health-Specific Measures
Abstract
:1. Instruction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Screening
2.2. Diet Plans (Traditional Daniel Fast, Modified Daniel Fast, Unrestricted Vegan Diet)
2.3. Outcome Measures and Hypotheses
2.4. Anthropometric Measures, Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
2.5. Blood Collection and Biochemical Variables
2.6. Dietary Records and Physical Activity
2.7. Compliance, Subjective Feelings, and Satiety
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Compliance, Mental Outlook/Mood, Physical Health/Vitality, and Satiety
Variable | Traditional DF Pre | Traditional DF Post | Modified DF Pre | Modified DF Post | Unrestricted Vegan Pre | Unrestricted Vegan Post |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compliance (%) | NA | 96.5 ± 1.0 | NA | 93.4 ± 2.2 | NA | 94.1 ± 2.2 |
Mental Health (1–10) | 7.9 ± 0.5 | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 8.2 ± 0.5 | 7.8 ± 0.5 | 8.5 ± 0.5 | 8.2 ± 0.7 |
Physical Health (1–10) | 7.4 ± 0.4 | 8.2 ± 0.2 | 8.0 ± 0.5 | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 7.8 ± 0.4 |
Satiety (1–10) † | 8.2 ± 0.4 | 7.3 ± 0.4 | 8.0 ± 0.5 | 6.4 ± 0.6 | 8.5 ± 0.5 | 6.9 ± 0.8 |
3.2. Hemodynamic and Anthropometric Data
Variable | Traditional DF Pre | Traditional DF Post | Modified DF Pre | Modified DF Post | Unrestricted Vegan Pre | Unrestricted Vegan Post |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) * | 38.1 ± 4.7 | NA | 27.9 ± 3.8 | NA | 31.5 ± 4.5 | NA |
Height (cm) | 165.1 ± 2.8 | NA | 167.7 ± 2.3 | NA | 168.9 ± 2.4 | NA |
Weight (kg) | 69.4 ± 3.4 | 67.4 ± 3.3 | 72.4 ± 5.0 | 71.4 ± 5.2 | 75.0 ± 4.6 | 74.4 ± 4.6 |
BMI (kg∙m−2) | 25.6 ± 1.4 | 24.8 ± 1.3 | 25.8 ± 1.8 | 25.4 ± 1.9 | 26.2 ± 1.3 | 26.0 ± 1.3 |
Waist (cm) | 78.5 ± 3.6 | 78.6 ± 3.6 | 80.3 ± 4.0 | 78.9 ± 4.2 | 82.3 ± 4.4 | 82.5 ± 4.0 |
Hip (cm) | 103.5 ± 2.9 | 103.8 ± 2.3 | 103.3 ± 3.0 | 102.3 ± 3.1 | 101.3 ± 3.4 | 103.0 ± 2.4 |
Waist:Hip | 0.76 ± 0.02 | 0.76 ± 0.02 | 0.78 ± 0.02 | 0.77 ± 0.02 | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 0.80 ± 0.03 |
Total Body Fat (%) * | 31.1 ± 2.5 | 30.2 ± 2.4 | 28.2 ± 2.9 | 27.8 ± 3.0 | 33.1 ± 2.4 | 32.4 ± 2.3 |
Trunk Body Fat (%) | 31.1 ± 2.5 | 29.1 ± 1.8 | 26.3 ± 2.6 | 25.2 ± 2.9 | 30.5 ± 2.9 | 29.2 ± 2.8 |
Fat Mass (kg) | 21.8 ± 2.4 | 20.4 ± 2.1 | 21.0 ± 3.5 | 20.5 ± 3.8 | 25.3 ± 2.8 | 24.6 ± 2.7 |
Fat Free Mass (kg) * | 47.6 ± 2.7 | 47.0 ± 2.9 | 51.4 ± 3.1 | 50.9 ± 3.1 | 49.7 ± 2.7 | 49.8 ± 2.8 |
Heart Rate (bpm) * | 80.2 ± 4.2 | 78.5 ± 4.0 | 69.1 ± 2.9 | 69.9 ± 3.8 | 73.2 ± 3.5 | 76.0 ± 4.0 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) *,† | 117.3 ± 4.4 | 110.6 ± 2.3 | 116.8 ± 2.4 | 111.5 ± 3.3 | 125.2 ± 3.3 | 120.6 ± 3.8 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.2 ± 3.0 | 71.1 ± 3.0 | 70.2 ± 3.0 | 68.6 ± 2.9 | 67.3 ± 4.2 | 74.0 ± 4.2 |
3.3. Biochemical Data
3.4. Dietary Data
Variable | Traditional DF Pre | Traditional DF Post | Modified DF Pre | Modified DF Post | Unrestricted Vegan Pre | Unrestricted Vegan Post |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C-Reactive Protein (mg·L−1) | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.7 |
Insulin (µU·mL−1) | 10.1 ± 2.5 | 6.7 ± 1.2 | 9.1 ± 1.5 | 9.8 ± 2.2 | 8.1 ± 1.0 | 8.5 ± 1.4 |
HOMA-IR | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.4 |
Glucose (mg·dL−1) | 86.4 ± 4.0 | 86.9 ± 2.2 | 87.3 ± 2.7 | 92.1 ± 2.2 | 88.7 ± 3.8 | 86.3 ± 4.5 |
Cholesterol (mg·dL−1) † | 179.2 ± 8.7 | 146.5 ± 7.1 | 187.8 ± 13.1 | 169.3 ± 13.7 | 165.5 ± 12.4 | 168.3 ± 13.5 |
HDL-C (mg·dL−1) | 64.9 ± 3.5 | 55.9 ± 2.7 | 68.9 ± 5.5 | 61.0 ± 5.0 | 64.9 ± 5.5 | 61.5 ± 4.0 |
VLDL-C (mg·dL−1) * | 13.0 ± 1.4 | 12.2 ± 1.8 | 16.2 ± 2.0 | 15.5 ± 1.7 | 17.8 ± 3.3 | 17.6 ± 3.1 |
LDL-C (mg·dL−1) | 101.3 ± 6.8 | 78.4 ± 5.2 | 102.7 ± 9.2 | 92.8 ± 9.6 | 82.8 ± 10.8 | 89.2 ± 11.0 |
Total:HDL-C | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.3 |
Nitrate/Nitrite (µmol·L−1) | 22.3 ± 5.2 | 23.9 ± 4.7 | 23.7 ± 8.2 | 33.6 ± 9.7 | 25.2 ± 5.7 | 39.0 ± 12.9 |
Malondialdehyde (µmol·L−1) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (µmol·L−1) | 65.9 ± 5.6 | 61.6 ± 7.5 | 70.2 ± 9.7 | 70.0 ± 13.3 | 61.4 ± 7.3 | 61.1 ± 5.1 |
Variable | Traditional DF Pre | Traditional DF Post | Modified DF Pre | Modified DF Post | Unrestricted Vegan Pre | Unrestricted Vegan Post |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kilocalories *,† | 1753 ± 133 | 1147 ± 93 | 2049 ± 159 | 1636 ± 253 | 1743 ± 122 | 1335 ± 118 |
Protein (g) *,†,‡ | 68 ± 6 | 34 ± 4 | 82 ± 6 | 86 ± 13 | 69 ± 6 | 40 ± 6 |
Protein (%) *,‡ | 15 ± 1 | 12 ± 1 | 16 ± 1 | 22 ± 1 | 16 ± 1 | 11 ± 1 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 218 ± 17 | 189 ± 15 | 259 ± 23 | 226 ± 34 | 218 ± 15 | 207 ± 14 |
Carbohydrate (%) †,‡ | 49 ± 1 | 67 ± 2 | 50 ± 1 | 56 ± 3 | 50 ± 3 | 64 ± 3 |
Fiber (g) † | 16 ± 2 | 29 ± 3 | 19 ± 3 | 29 ± 5 | 15 ± 2 | 20 ± 2 |
Sugar (g) * | 82 ± 9 | 65 ± 9 | 97 ± 11 | 95 ± 11 | 64 ± 10 | 68 ± 6 |
Fat (g) † | 66 ± 6 | 32 ± 4 | 74 ± 7 | 47 ± 11 | 68 ± 9 | 40 ± 6 |
Fat (%) † | 34 ± 1 | 25 ± 2 | 32 ± 1 | 24 ± 2 | 34 ± 2 | 26 ± 3 |
Saturated Fat (g) † | 20 ± 2 | 4 ± 1 | 24 ± 2 | 9 ± 2 | 21 ± 3 | 10 ± 2 |
Monounsaturated Fat (g) | 11 ± 3 | 7 ± 2 | 12 ± 2 | 16 ± 6 | 9 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 |
Polyunsaturated Fat (g) | 6 ± 1 | 5 ± 0 | 6 ± 1 | 8 ± 2 | 7 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 |
Trans Fat (g) † | 0.7 ± 0 | 0.0 ± 0 | 1.0 ± 0 | 0.2 ± 0 | 0.8 ± 0 | 0.4 ± 0 |
Omega 3 (mg) | 0.4 ± 0 | 0.5 ± 0 | 0.6 ± 0 | 0.8 ± 0 | 0.6 ± 0 | 0.3 ± 0 |
Omega 6 (mg) | 4 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | 6 ± 2 | 4 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 |
Cholesterol (mg) *,†,‡ | 240 ± 41 | 3 ± 2 | 236 ± 26 | 153 ± 33 | 171 ± 27 | 43 ± 18 |
Vitamin C (mg) *,† | 59 ± 11 | 110 ± 12 | 87 ± 23 | 143 ± 25 | 41 ± 8 | 61 ± 17 |
Vitamin E (mg) * | 4 ± 1 | 5 ± 2 | 4 ± 1 | 7 ± 2 | 3 ± 0 | 2 ± 1 |
Vitamin A (RE) † | 263 ± 50 | 467 ± 89 | 263 ± 45 | 481 ± 123 | 231 ± 52 | 350 ± 90 |
Selenium (µg) * | 31 ± 7 | 14 ± 3 | 49 ± 8 | 60 ± 17 | 38 ± 6 | 32 ± 6 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interests
References
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Bloomer, R.J.; Gunnels, T.A.; Schriefer, J.M. Comparison of a Restricted and Unrestricted Vegan Diet Plan with a Restricted Omnivorous Diet Plan on Health-Specific Measures. Healthcare 2015, 3, 544-555. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3030544
Bloomer RJ, Gunnels TA, Schriefer JM. Comparison of a Restricted and Unrestricted Vegan Diet Plan with a Restricted Omnivorous Diet Plan on Health-Specific Measures. Healthcare. 2015; 3(3):544-555. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3030544
Chicago/Turabian StyleBloomer, Richard J., Trint A. Gunnels, and JohnHenry M. Schriefer. 2015. "Comparison of a Restricted and Unrestricted Vegan Diet Plan with a Restricted Omnivorous Diet Plan on Health-Specific Measures" Healthcare 3, no. 3: 544-555. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare3030544