Validation and Spanish Adaptation of the Resilience Scale ER-23 in a University Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis of the Items
3.2. Validity Tests Based on the Internal Structure
3.3. Confirmatory Factorial Analysis
3.4. Psychometric Properties
3.5. Criterion Validity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(a) | ||||
Item | M | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis |
1. Cuando hago planes, los llevo a cabo | 5.80 | 1.19 | −1.46 | 3.26 |
2. Normalmente me las arreglo de una u otra forma | 5.78 | 1.48 | −1.31 | 1.13 |
3. Soy capaz de valerme por mí mismo, más que cualquier otra persona | 6.27 | 1.10 | −1.87 | 4.15 |
4. Me es importante mantener el interés por las cosas | 4.62 | 1.60 | −0.33 | −0.62 |
5. Puedo estar solo si es necesario | 5.11 | 1.66 | −0.77 | −0.18 |
6. Me siento orgulloso de haber logrado cosas en mi vida | 5.10 | 1.36 | −0.56 | 0.07 |
7. Generalmente me tomo las cosas con calma | 4.94 | 1.47 | −0.59 | −0.13 |
8. Soy mi propio amigo | 2.99 | 1.70 | 0.72 | −0.40 |
9. Me siento capaz de hacer muchas cosas a la vez | 5.13 | 1.29 | −0.58 | 0.19 |
10. Soy resolutivo/decidido | 5.37 | 1.36 | −0.83 | 0.44 |
11. Rara vez me pregunto por el sentido de las cosas | 5.32 | 1.40 | −0.95 | 0.57 |
12. Afronto las cosas día a día | 5.31 | 1.14 | −0.91 | 1.24 |
13. Puedo superar las dificultades porque he pasado por experiencias difíciles en otras ocasiones | 5.93 | 1.12 | −1.26 | 2.33 |
14. Tengo autocontrol | 5.55 | 1.40 | −1.12 | 1.08 |
15. Mantengo el interés por las cosas | 5.48 | 0.85 | −2.50 | 9.88 |
16. Generalmente puedo encontrar algo de lo que reírme | 5.73 | 1.23 | −1.05 | 1.14 |
17. Creer en mí mismo me ayuda a superar los momentos difíciles (eliminado) | 5.19 | 1.42 | −0.96 | 0.72 |
18. Generalmente, soy una persona en la que la gente puede confiar en caso de emergencia | 5.83 | 1.35 | −1.35 | 1.73 |
19. Normalmente puedo ver una situación desde diferentes puntos de vista | 3.37 | 1.74 | 0.47 | −0.74 |
20. A veces me obligo a hacer cosas tanto si quiero como si no | 4.77 | 1.17 | −0.43 | 0.26 |
21. Mi vida tiene sentido | 5.25 | 1.22 | −0.63 | 0.33 |
22. No me preocupo por cosas sobre las que no puedo hacer nada | 5.33 | 1.69 | −0.82 | −0.35 |
23. En general, cuando estoy en una situación difícil, sé cómo salir de ella | 4.55 | 1.16 | −0.84 | 0.59 |
24. Tengo energía suficiente para hacer lo que tengo que hacer (eliminado) | 2.51 | 1.55 | 0.76 | −0.62 |
25. No importa si hay personas a las que no le caigo bien | 4.45 | 1.30 | −0.60 | 1.40 |
(b) | ||||
Item | M | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis |
1. When I make plans, I carry them out | 5.80 | 1.19 | −1.46 | 3.26 |
2. I usually manage one way or another | 5.78 | 1.48 | −1.31 | 1.13 |
3. I am more capable of taking care of myself than anyone else | 6.27 | 1.10 | −1.87 | 4.15 |
4. It is important for me to maintain interest in things | 4.62 | 1.60 | −0.33 | −0.62 |
5. I can be alone if necessary | 5.11 | 1.66 | −0.77 | −0.18 |
6. I am proud of the things I have accomplished in my life | 5.10 | 1.36 | −0.56 | 0.07 |
7. I generally take things calmly | 4.94 | 1.47 | −0.59 | −0.13 |
8. I am my own friend | 2.99 | 1.70 | 0.72 | −0.40 |
9. I feel capable of doing many things at once | 5.13 | 1.29 | −0.58 | 0.19 |
10. I am resolute/decisive | 5.37 | 1.36 | −0.83 | 0.44 |
11. I rarely question the meaning of things | 5.32 | 1.40 | −0.95 | 0.57 |
12. I face things day by day | 5.31 | 1.14 | −0.91 | 1.24 |
13. I can overcome difficulties because I have gone through tough experiences before | 5.93 | 1.12 | −1.26 | 2.33 |
14. I have self-control | 5.55 | 1.40 | −1.12 | 1.08 |
15. I maintain interest in things | 5.48 | 0.85 | −2.50 | 9.88 |
16. I can generally find something to laugh about | 5.73 | 1.23 | −1.05 | 1.14 |
17. Believing in myself helps me overcome difficult moments (removed) | 5.19 | 1.42 | −0.96 | 0.72 |
18. Generally, I am someone people can trust in case of an emergency | 5.83 | 1.35 | −1.35 | 1.73 |
19. I can normally see a situation from different points of view | 3.37 | 1.74 | 0.47 | −0.74 |
20. Sometimes I force myself to do things whether I want to or not | 4.77 | 1.17 | −0.43 | 0.26 |
21. My life has meaning | 5.25 | 1.22 | −0.63 | 0.33 |
22. I don’t worry about things I can’t do anything about | 5.33 | 1.69 | −0.82 | −0.35 |
23. In general, when I’m in a tough situation, I know how to get out of it | 4.55 | 1.16 | −0.84 | 0.59 |
24. I have enough energy to do what I need to do (removed) | 2.51 | 1.55 | 0.76 | −0.62 |
25. I don’t mind if there are people who don’t like me | 4.45 | 1.30 | −0.60 | 1.40 |
(a) | ||
Resilience | ||
Item | F1 | F2 |
1. Cuando hago planes, los llevo a cabo | 0.58 | |
2. Normalmente me las arreglo de una u otra forma | 0.22 | |
3. Soy capaz de valerme por mí mismo, más que cualquier otra persona | 0.61 | |
4. Me es importante mantener el interés por las cosas | 0.33 | |
5. Puedo estar solo si es necesario | 0.54 | |
6. Me siento orgulloso de haber logrado cosas en mi vida | 0.59 | |
9. Me siento capaz de hacer muchas cosas a la vez | 0.60 | |
10. Soy resolutivo/decidido | 0.44 | |
13. Puedo superar las dificultades porque he pasado por experiencias difíciles en otras ocasiones | 0.50 | |
14. Tengo autocontrol | 0.71 | |
15. Mantengo el interés por las cosas | 0.42 | |
18. Generalmente, soy una persona en la que la gente puede confiar en caso de emergencia | 0.63 | |
19. Normalmente puedo ver una situación desde diferentes puntos de vista | 0.22 | |
20. A veces me obligo a hacer cosas tanto si quiero como si no | 0.68 | |
23. En general, cuando estoy en una situación difícil, sé cómo salir de ella | 0.55 | |
7. Generalmente me tomo las cosas con calma | 0.61 | |
8. Soy mi propio amigo | 0.05 | |
11. Rara vez me pregunto por el sentido de las cosas | 0.50 | |
12. Afronto las cosas día a día | 0.56 | |
16. Generalmente puedo encontrar algo de lo que reirme | 0.37 | |
21. Mi vida tiene sentido | 0.81 | |
22. No me preocupo por cosas sobre las que no puedo hacer nada | 0.27 | |
25. No importa si hay personas a las que no le caigo bien | 0.37 | |
(b) | ||
Resilience | ||
Item | F1 | F2 |
1. When I make plans, I carry them out | 0.58 | |
2. I usually manage one way or another | 0.22 | |
3. I am more capable of taking care of myself than anyone else | 0.61 | |
4. It is important for me to maintain interest in things | 0.33 | |
5. I can be alone if necessary | 0.54 | |
6. I am proud of the things I have accomplished in my life | 0.59 | |
9. I feel capable of doing many things at once | 0.60 | |
10. I am resolute/decisive | 0.44 | |
13. I can overcome difficulties because I have gone through tough experiences before | 0.50 | |
14. I have self-control | 0.71 | |
15. I maintain interest in things | 0.42 | |
18. Generally, I am someone people can trust in case of an emergency | 0.63 | |
19. I can normally see a situation from different points of view | 0.22 | |
20. Sometimes I force myself to do things whether I want to or not | 0.68 | |
23. In general, when I’m in a tough situation, I know how to get out of it | 0.55 | |
7. I generally take things calmly | 0.61 | |
8. I am my own friend | 0.05 | |
11. I rarely question the meaning of things | 0.50 | |
12. I face things day by day | 0.56 | |
16. I can generally find something to laugh about | 0.37 | |
21. My life has meaning | 0.81 | |
22. I don’t worry about things I can’t do anything about | 0.32 | |
25. I don’t mind if there are people who don’t like me | 0.37 | |
Personal Competence | 0.87 * | |
Acceptance | 0.89 * |
Items | SD | Item-Rest Correlation | McDonald’s ω | Cronbach’s α | Reliability Index | Validity Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal Competence | ||||||
ER1 | 1.14 | 0.3 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.34 | 0.31 ** |
ER2 | 1.42 | 0.2 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.28 | 0.13 ** |
ER3 | 1.04 | 0.49 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.51 | 0.49 ** |
ER4 | 1.53 | 0.32 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.49 | 0.24 ** |
ER5 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.8 | 0.37 ** |
ER6 | 1.35 | 0.47 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.50 ** |
ER9 | 1.25 | 0.49 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.61 | 0.46 ** |
ER10 | 1.36 | 0.35 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.47 | 0.42 ** |
ER13 | 1.08 | 0.4 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.43 | 0.33 ** |
ER14 | 1.36 | 0.58 | 0.75 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.57 ** |
ER15 | 0.8 | 0.28 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.22 | 0.27 ** |
ER18 | 1.31 | 0.48 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.63 | 0.52 ** |
ER19 | 1.71 | 0.21 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.36 | 0.17 ** |
ER20 | 1.19 | 0.6 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.58 ** |
ER23 | 1.14 | 0.45 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.51 | 0.47 ** |
Scale * | 0.78 | --- | 0.82 | 0.81 | --- | --- |
Items | Acceptance | |||||
ER7 | 1.5 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.55 | 0.69 | 0.56 ** |
ER8 | 1.68 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.68 | 0.05 | −0.02 |
ER11 | 1.32 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.38 ** |
ER12 | 1.16 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.58 | 0.44 | 0.44 ** |
ER16 | 1.2 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.63 | 0.23 | 0.28 ** |
ER21 | 1.22 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.58 ** |
ER22 | 1.65 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.61 | 0.48 | 0.26 ** |
ER25 | 1.28 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.34 ** |
Scale * | 0.89 | --- | 0.65 | 0.63 | --- | --- |
Total Scale * | 0.95 | --- | 0.86 | 0.86 | --- | --- |
Personal Competence | Acceptance | Resilience | |
---|---|---|---|
CD-RISC 25 | |||
Resilience | 0.73 ** | 0.65 ** | 0.75 ** |
PWBS | |||
Self-acceptance | 0.13 ** | 0.11 ** | 0.14 ** |
Positive relations | −0.18 ** | −0.21 ** | −0.20 ** |
Autonomy | −0.08 ** | −0.07 * | −0.08 ** |
Environmental mastery | 0.16 * | 0.17 ** | 0.17 ** |
Personal growth | 0.39 ** | 0.35 * | 0.40 ** |
Purpose in life | 0.10 ** | 0.13 ** | 0.17 ** |
Psychological well-being | 0.23 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.24 ** |
STAI-T | |||
Trait anxiety | −0.26 ** | −0.21 ** | −0.26 ** |
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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Ramírez-Uclés, I.; Otero, J.; Holgado-Tello, F.P.; Muñoz-López, L.; Sánchez-Barrera, M.B. Validation and Spanish Adaptation of the Resilience Scale ER-23 in a University Population. Healthcare 2025, 13, 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13080886
Ramírez-Uclés I, Otero J, Holgado-Tello FP, Muñoz-López L, Sánchez-Barrera MB. Validation and Spanish Adaptation of the Resilience Scale ER-23 in a University Population. Healthcare. 2025; 13(8):886. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13080886
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamírez-Uclés, Isabel, Julia Otero, F. Pablo Holgado-Tello, Lucas Muñoz-López, and María B. Sánchez-Barrera. 2025. "Validation and Spanish Adaptation of the Resilience Scale ER-23 in a University Population" Healthcare 13, no. 8: 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13080886
APA StyleRamírez-Uclés, I., Otero, J., Holgado-Tello, F. P., Muñoz-López, L., & Sánchez-Barrera, M. B. (2025). Validation and Spanish Adaptation of the Resilience Scale ER-23 in a University Population. Healthcare, 13(8), 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13080886