Examining Multilevel Influences on Depressive Symptoms Among Korean Older Adults: The Interplay of Individual and Regional Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Sample
2.2. Assessment of Depressive Symptoms
2.3. Assessment of Age-Friendly Environment
2.4. Assessment of Social Isolation
2.5. Assessment of Aging Anxiety
2.6. Control Variables
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Characteristics of the Community
3.3. Results for the Multilevel CFA
3.4. Results for the Multilevel SEM
3.5. Results for the Indirect Effects
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AFE | age-friendly environment |
References
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Frequency | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 334 | 55.67 |
Male | 266 | 44.33 | |
Age | M = 73.77, SD = 5.80 (Range: 65–84) | ||
Educational attainment | Elementary school education | 296 | 49.33 |
Middle school education | 127 | 21.17 | |
High school education | 150 | 25.00 | |
University education | 27 | 4.50 | |
Spouse status | Living alone | 226 | 37.67 |
Living with spouse | 374 | 62.33 | |
Self-rated physical health status | Bad | 167 | 27.83 |
Okay | 212 | 35.33 | |
Good | 221 | 36.83 | |
Employment status | Not working | 357 | 59.50 |
Working | 243 | 40.50 | |
Monthly income | Below KRW 1,000,000 (Below USD 715) | 186 | 31.00 |
KRW 1,000,000~2,000,000 (USD 715~1430) | 156 | 26.00 | |
KRW 2,000,000~3,000,000 (USD 1430~2145) | 130 | 21.67 | |
KRW 3,000,000~4,000,000 (USD 2145~2860) | 59 | 9.83 | |
Above KRW 4,000,000 (Above USD 2860) | 69 | 11.50 |
Mean (SD) | Range | Min–Max | Skewness | Kurtosis | ICC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressive symptoms | 7.47 (4.33) | 0–30 | 0–23 | 0.62 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.20) | 0.24 |
Social isolation | 2.20 (0.76) | 1–5 | 1.00–4.40 | 0.47 (0.10) | −0.16 (0.20) | 0.18 |
Aging anxiety | 3.06 (0.61) | 1–5 | 1.47–4.76 | 0.01 (0.10) | −0.55 (0.20) | 0.37 |
Measure | B | S.E. | |
---|---|---|---|
Within-level | |||
A1 | 1.000 | - | 0.846 |
A2 | 0.865 | 0.046 | 0.808 |
A3 | 0.948 | 0.047 | 0.847 |
S1 | 1.000 | - | 0.681 |
S2 | 1.116 | 0.071 | 0.851 |
S3 | 1.114 | 0.080 | 0.893 |
D1 | 1.000 | - | 0.722 |
D2 | 1.134 | 0.092 | 0.760 |
D3 | 1.200 | 0.083 | 0.814 |
Between-level | |||
Phys | 1.000 | - | 0.462 |
Soci | 2.365 | 0.840 | 0.802 |
Serv | 1.214 | 0.311 | 0.379 |
A1 | 1.000 | - | 0.848 |
A2 | 1.007 | 0.311 | 0.818 |
A3 a | 0.937 | 0.066 | 1.000 |
S1 | 1.000 | - | 0.808 |
S2 | 0.971 | 0.153 | 0.863 |
S3 a | 1.117 | 0.137 | 1.000 |
D1 | 1.000 | - | 0.842 |
D2 | 0.869 | 0.185 | 0.793 |
D3 | 0.553 | 0.137 | 0.604 |
Pathway | B | S.E. | |
---|---|---|---|
Within-level | |||
Social isolation → Depressive symptoms | 0.148 | 0.031 | 0.288 *** |
Aging anxiety → Depressive symptoms | 0.147 | 0.032 | 0.224 *** |
Aging anxiety → Social isolation | 0.267 | 0.081 | 0.208 *** |
Gender → Aging anxiety | −0.009 | 0.045 | −0.010 |
Spouse → Aging anxiety | 0.073 | 0.049 | 0.078 |
Income → Aging anxiety | −0.072 | 0.018 | −0.212 *** |
Health → Aging anxiety | −0.074 | 0.033 | −0.130 * |
Gender → Social isolation | 0.046 | 0.055 | 0.039 |
Spouse → Social isolation | 0.014 | 0.073 | 0.012 |
Income → Social isolation | −0.078 | 0.032 | −0.178 * |
Health → Social isolation | −0.068 | 0.046 | −0.094 |
Gender → Depressive symptoms | −0.002 | 0.027 | −0.003 |
Spouse → Depressive symptoms | −0.103 | 0.025 | −0.168 *** |
Income → Depressive symptoms | −0.104 | 0.012 | −0.061 |
Health → Depressive symptoms | −0.078 | 0.023 | −0.211 *** |
Between-level | |||
Social isolation → Depressive symptoms | 0.325 | 0.120 | 0.403 ** |
AFE → Depressive symptoms | −0.024 | 0.019 | −0.218 |
Aging anxiety → Depressive symptoms | 0.079 | 0.138 | 0.117 |
AFE → Social isolation | −0.039 | 0.018 | −0.287 * |
Aging anxiety → Social isolation | 0.128 | 0.117 | 0.152 |
AFE → Aging anxiety | −0.023 | 0.024 | −0.145 |
Pathways | Point Estimate (S.E.) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
Within-level | ||
Aging anxiety → Social isolation → Depressive symptoms | 0.039(0.012) | [0.016, 0.065] |
Between-level | ||
AFE → Social isolation → Depressive symptoms | −0.013(0.005) | [−0.022, −0.004] |
AFE → Aging anxiety → Depressive symptoms | −0.002(0.006) | [−0.016, 0.009] |
AFE → Aging anxiety → Social isolation → Depressive symptoms | −0.001(0.002) | [−0.006, 0.002] |
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Kim, M.; Chung, S. Examining Multilevel Influences on Depressive Symptoms Among Korean Older Adults: The Interplay of Individual and Regional Factors. Healthcare 2025, 13, 870. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13080870
Kim M, Chung S. Examining Multilevel Influences on Depressive Symptoms Among Korean Older Adults: The Interplay of Individual and Regional Factors. Healthcare. 2025; 13(8):870. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13080870
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Miri, and Soondool Chung. 2025. "Examining Multilevel Influences on Depressive Symptoms Among Korean Older Adults: The Interplay of Individual and Regional Factors" Healthcare 13, no. 8: 870. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13080870
APA StyleKim, M., & Chung, S. (2025). Examining Multilevel Influences on Depressive Symptoms Among Korean Older Adults: The Interplay of Individual and Regional Factors. Healthcare, 13(8), 870. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13080870