The Effects of Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.2.1. Participants
2.2.2. Intervention
2.2.3. Comparison
2.2.4. Outcome
2.2.5. Study Design
2.3. Study Selection
2.4. Quality Assessment
2.5. Data Extraction
2.6. Data Analyses
2.7. Certainty Assessment of the Body of Evidence
3. Results
3.1. Search Results and Study Selection
3.2. Study Characteristics
3.3. Risk of Bias Assessment
3.4. Effects of Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Postpartum Depression Outcomes
3.4.1. Overall Postpartum Depressive Symptoms
3.4.2. Subgroup Analysis of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms
Culture
Intervention Duration
Intervention Number
Each Intervention Duration
Intervention Module Number
Intervention Platform
Intervention Form
Professional Guidance
3.5. Sensitivity Analysis and Assessment of Publication Bias
3.6. Certainty of the Body of Evidence
4. Discussion
4.1. Interpretation of Findings
4.2. Limitations
4.3. Relevance for Clinical Practice
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author (Year) | Country | Participant | Sample Size (I/C) | Intervention | Comparison | Outcome | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Duration | Number | Each Duration | Platform | Module Number | Form | Guidance Provided | Nurse Participation | Measurement | Data- Collection Time Point | |||||
Babiy et al., 2024 [24] | Canada | Postpartum women | 405 (202/203) | 12 weeks | 1 | 6 h | Zoom | 4 | Team | Yes | No | TAU + WLC | EPDS | T0 T1 |
Carona et al., 2023 [25] | Portugal | Postpartum women | 1053 (542/511) | 8 weeks | 5 | 45 min | Website | 5 | Personal | No | No | TAU | EPDS | T0 T1 |
Carona et al., 2023 [26] | Portugal | Postpartum women | 1053 (542/511) | 8 weeks | 5 | 45 min | Website | 5 | Personal | No | No | TAU | EPDS | T0 T2 |
Fonseca et al., 2020 [27] | Portugal | Postpartum women | 194 (98/96) | 8 weeks | 5 | / | Website | 5 | Personal | No | No | WLC | EPDS | T0 T1 |
Huh et al., 2023 [17] | Canada | Postpartum women | 159 (80/79) | 9 weeks | 9 | 2 h | Zoom | 9 | Team | Yes | Yes | TAU | EPDS | T0 T1 T2 |
Jannati et al., 2020 [28] | Iran | Postpartum women | 78 (39/39) | 8 weeks | 8 | 45–60 min | APP | 8 | Personal | No | No | TAU | EPDS | T0 T1 |
Loughnan et al., 2019 [34] | Australia | Postpartum women | 131 (69/62) | 6 weeks | 3 | / | Website | 3 | Personal | No | No | TAU | EPDS | T0 T1 T2 |
Merza et al., 2023 [29] | Canada | Postpartum women | 183 (92/91) | 9 weeks | 9 | 2 h | Zoom | 9 | Team | Yes | No | TAU + WLC | EPDS | T0 T1 T2 |
Milgrom et al., 2016 [35] | Australia | Postpartum women | 43 (21/22) | 12 weeks | 6 | / | Website | 6 | Personal | Yes | No | TAU | BDI | T0 T1 |
Milgrom et al., 2021 [21] | Australia | Postpartum women | 77 (39/38) | 9 weeks | 6 | / | Website | 6 | Personal | Yes | No | TAU | BDI | T0 T1 T2 |
Ngai et al., 2015 [18] | China | Postpartum women | 397 (197/200) | 5 weeks | 5 | 20–30 min | APP | 5 | Personal | Yes | Yes | TAU | EPDS | T0 T1 T2 |
O’Mahen et al., 2013 [36] | UK | Postpartum women | 910 (462/448) | 15 weeks | 11 | Up to 40 min | Website | 11 | Personal | Yes | No | TAU | EPDS | T0 T1 |
O’Mahen et al., 2014 [37] | UK | Postpartum women | 83 (41/42) | 12 weeks | 12 | / | Website | 12 | Personal | Yes | No | TAU | EPDS | T0 T1 T2 |
Pugh et al., 2016 [38] | Canada | Postpartum women | 50 (25/25) | 10 weeks | 7 | / | Website | 7 | Personal | Yes | No | WLC | EPDS | T0 T1 T2 |
Seo et al., 2022 [22] | South Korea | Postpartum women | 100 (50/50) | 8 weeks | / | / | APP | / | Personal | / | No | TAU | EPDS | T0 T1 T2 |
Shariatpanahi et al., 2022 [30] | Iran | Postpartum women | 102 (52/50) | 16 weeks | 16 | / | Telegram | / | Personal | Yes | No | Medicine | EPDS | T0 T1 |
Van et al., 2021 [31] | Canada | Postpartum women | 403 (202/201) | 12 weeks | 4 | 1 day | Zoom | 4 | Team | Yes | No | TAU | EPDS | T0 T1 |
Wozney et al., 2017 [39] | Canada | Postpartum women | 62 (32/30) | 12 weeks | 12 | / | Website | 12 | Personal | Yes | No | TAU | BDI | T0 T1 T2 |
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Pan, J.; Luo, W.; Zhang, H.; Wang, Y.; Lu, H.; Wang, C.; Li, C.; Fu, L.; Hu, Y.; Li, Y.; et al. The Effects of Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare 2025, 13, 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070696
Pan J, Luo W, Zhang H, Wang Y, Lu H, Wang C, Li C, Fu L, Hu Y, Li Y, et al. The Effects of Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare. 2025; 13(7):696. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070696
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Jingyu, Wenjing Luo, Haijuan Zhang, Yong Wang, Hong Lu, Chongkun Wang, Chunying Li, Li Fu, Yinchu Hu, Yuxuan Li, and et al. 2025. "The Effects of Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Healthcare 13, no. 7: 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070696
APA StylePan, J., Luo, W., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Lu, H., Wang, C., Li, C., Fu, L., Hu, Y., Li, Y., & Shen, M. (2025). The Effects of Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 13(7), 696. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070696